{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T22:33:54Z","timestamp":1777070034848,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":51,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Phage therapeutics are re-emerging as adjuncts or alternatives to antibiotics and their clinical translation will be enhanced with production methods that minimise downstream processing. We evaluated whether an endotoxin-reduced\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  strain developed for production of recombinant proteins, ClearColi\u00ae, can serve as a useful, safe phage production host without compromising yield and whether targeted receptor complementation can expand its utility. The parent strain BL21(DE3), and its lipid A modified derivative, ClearColi\u00ae, were compared with respect to infection and generation of phage. Across a panel of 31 phage, a similar host range was observed between BL21(DE3) and ClearColi\u00ae. To expand host range\n                  <jats:italic>ompC<\/jats:italic>\n                  was genetically engineered into the chromosome of ClearColi\u00ae, thereby adding OmpC-dependent phage to its production capacity. Production metrics were broadly comparable between the hosts; efficiency of plating and final titres for representative phage were not significantly different; burst size varied by phage but without consistent host bias. Endotoxin activity in ClearColi\u00ae-propagated lysates was reduced by over 1000-fold relative to BL21(DE3), reaching the low hundreds of endotoxin units (EU) versus hundreds of thousands for BL21(DE3). Intravesical administration of ClearColi\u00ae-derived phage (LUC4) into pigs elicited no clinical abnormalities and no significant increases in circulating cytokines up to 48 hours after administration. ClearColi\u00ae allows efficient production of diverse phage with low endotoxin, reducing the requirement for downstream processing. Although its minimal LPS reduces its capacity for producing some LPS-dependent phage and its growth is slower than BL21(DE3), requiring optimisation for maximal phage titre, the safety and simplified manufacturing process support further development of endotoxin modified strains for phage production.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antibiotic resistance is a current global problem and treatments based on phage and phage products already have a proven track record with particular bacterial infections, especially in the urinary tract. While progress is being made on\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    phage synthesis, large scale bacteriophage preparations require a bacterial host for production, consequently toxic components in the initial lysate need to be removed or significantly diluted for safe clinical use. This is a study of the potential to utilise an endotoxin-reduced\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain, ClearColi\u00ae, to produce safer phage therapeutics. Such endotoxin modified strains should minimise the processing steps required and reduce overall production costs of a phage preparation. The research demonstrates that the endotoxin-reduced strain was able to produce a wide range of phage and for studied examples at phage titres equivalent to the more toxic parent strain. We also show that the strain can be modified to increase its host range and confirm the very low endotoxicity of basic phage lysates produced by the strain. Replicating this process to engineer additional low-toxicity bacterial production strains will accelerate the development of safer, more cost-effective phage therapeutics.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.21.719556","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:55:22Z","timestamp":1776833722000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of a detoxified\n                  <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                  strain for bacteriophage production"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Welham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7751-4688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Park de la Torriente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Arng Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2770-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Keith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1257-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"McAteer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1880-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin K.","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"},{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2566-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David L.","family":"Gally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison S.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 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