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ZBP1 senses foreign nucleic acids in the unusual, left-handed Z-conformation via binding through its N-terminal Z\u03b11 and Z\u03b12 domains and activates downstream pro-pyroptotic, -apoptotic, and -necroptotic pathways to initiate cell death and allow for viral clearance. Both dsDNA and dsRNA can adopt the Z-conformation, however, the conformational change is energetically expensive, especially for dsRNA, and typically requires chemical modifications or protein binding to induce a right-to-left-handed conversion and stabilization. ZBP1 has been previously shown to bind and convert B-DNA to the Z-conformation and was assumed to be able to convert A-RNA as well, despite the lack of experimental validation. Here, we use a variety of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and other biophysical and biochemical experiments to characterize the Z-DNA and Z-RNA binding properties of ZBP1\u2019s Z\u03b11 and Z\u03b12 domains. While ZBP1\u2019s Z\u03b1 domains are able to convert and stabilize unmodified dsDNA in the Z-conformation, both domains are incapable of flipping unmodified A-conformation dsRNA. We show that ZBP1\u2019s Z\u03b1 domains require dsRNAs with Z-promoting chemical modification in order for them to bind and stabilize the Z-conformation. These results contrast with the Z\u03b1 domain from Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), which can bind and flip both dsDNA and dsRNA into the Z-conformation, potentially indicating finely tuned competition between ADAR1 and ZBP1 for pro-survival and pro-death outcomes, respectively. This work highlights the functional variability of Z\u03b1 domains and narrows down the potential physiological substrates of ZBP1 in infection and disease.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Graphical<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:fig id=\"ufig1\" position=\"float\" fig-type=\"figure\" orientation=\"portrait\">\n                    <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"719927v1_ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:fig>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.21.719927","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:35:17Z","timestamp":1776918917000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ZBP1\u2019s Inability to Convert Unmodified RNAs to the Z-form Underlies a Balanced Mechanism of RNA Recognition with ADAR1"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9179-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Krall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lily G.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1930-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parker J.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin","family":"Vicens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morkos A.","family":"Henen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat","family":"V\u00f6geli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA"},{"name":"RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026042604050456000_2026.04.21.719927v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottrell, K.A. , R.J. 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