{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1777945294207,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"group-title":"Dermatology","reference-count":47,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  The skin microbiome shapes local immunity, but the mechanisms of microbiome-immune crosstalk remain poorly understood. A major barrier to discovery is the lack of approaches that enable simultaneous, longitudinal measurement of microbes and immune cells from the same tissue without disrupting barrier integrity. Here we present a hydrogel-coated microneedle (MN) patch that enables minimally invasive co-sampling of viable microbes, immune cells, and interstitial fluid from skin. In humans, the patches were well tolerated and preserved inter-individual microbial signatures. Murine models colonized with commensal\n                  <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                  and the opportunistic pathogen\n                  <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                  , revealed distinct immune trajectories during commensal colonization, pathogen challenge, and commensal-pathogen co-colonization. Pathogen colonization drives progressive inflammatory amplification, whereas commensal exposure induces controlled immune activation that stabilizes over time. Notably,\n                  <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                  reshapes pathogen-induced responses, producing a transient immune activation followed by attenuation of inflammation. These results establish MN sampling as a strategy to resolve immune-microbiome dynamics in barrier tissues and provide a framework for mechanistic studies of host-microbe interactions in health and disease.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.24.26351513","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:13Z","timestamp":1777505113000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal microneedle sampling resolves tissue-restricted immune-microbiome dynamics in skin"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Dhinakaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6794-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita Yvonne","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Szacik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo Yeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4373-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Giarratana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5004-893X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasan","family":"Jalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026050204100466000_2026.04.24.26351513v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157"},{"key":"2026050204100466000_2026.04.24.26351513v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260144"},{"key":"2026050204100466000_2026.04.24.26351513v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.075549.107"},{"key":"2026050204100466000_2026.04.24.26351513v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02945-19"},{"key":"2026050204100466000_2026.04.24.26351513v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13965"},{"key":"2026050204100466000_2026.04.24.26351513v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boxberger, M. , Cenizo, V. , Cassir, N. & La Scola, B . 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