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Many of these parasites are skin penetrating and have both extra-host life stages that inhabit host feces and surrounding soil, and intra-host life stages that inhabit host niches such as skin, vasculature, and intestine\n                  <jats:sup>2,6-8<\/jats:sup>\n                  . Across life stages, these parasites encounter oxygen (O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  ) levels that range from ~21% at the soil-air interface to near-anaerobic levels in the host intestine\n                  <jats:sup>9-12<\/jats:sup>\n                  . However, whether parasitic nematodes detect and respond to changes in O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  levels was unknown. Here, we examine O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  sensation in skin-penetrating parasitic nematodes and find that they show robust responses to changes in O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  levels. Moreover, their O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  -evoked behaviors differ from those of the free-living nematode\n                  <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                  . We then investigate the molecular and neural mechanisms of O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  sensing in\n                  <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                  , a genetically tractable human-infective nematode, and find that parasite-specific behavioral responses to O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  arise in part from evolutionary changes in their soluble guanylate cyclase repertoire. Finally, we find that neuronal O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  sensing regulates intra-host development in\n                  <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Our results demonstrate that skin-penetrating nematodes exhibit neuronally mediated O\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  responses that are critical for multiple steps of their parasitic life cycle.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.28.721222","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:55:28Z","timestamp":1777676128000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuronally sensed oxygen drives behavior and development in human-infective, skin-penetrating nematodes"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-9934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breanna","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9613-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navonil","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9686-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Bartolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0260-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elissa A.","family":"Hallem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026050603350997000_2026.04.28.721222v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05284-w"},{"key":"2026050603350997000_2026.04.28.721222v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.11.001"},{"key":"2026050603350997000_2026.04.28.721222v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060468"},{"key":"2026050603350997000_2026.04.28.721222v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-01038-z"},{"key":"2026050603350997000_2026.04.28.721222v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01238-9"},{"key":"2026050603350997000_2026.04.28.721222v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lok, J. 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