{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:10:18Z","timestamp":1778105418171,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":99,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 NS114046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS114046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recovery after upper extremity peripheral nerve injury (PNI) surgery depends on changes in cortical neural patterns that support sensorimotor control. Task-based functional connectivity (FC) can characterize these changes, yet few studies have explored FC during ecologically fine motor valid tasks after PNI.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate task-based FC with the left primary motor cortex (M1) during right hand drawing in individuals following right hand PNI surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forty-four right-handed adults, including 12 patients post PNI surgery (n = 8 with nerve repair, n = 4 with nerve transfer) and 32 healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All participants underwent fMRI while performing a RH visuomotor precision drawing task. Seed-based connectivity analysis was performed to characterize the pattern of FC between left M1 and all voxels in the brain. We hypothesized that left M1 FC would differ between patients and controls, between Repair and Transfer groups, and covary with time since surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients (vs. controls) showed greater FC between left M1 and right visual and premotor cortices. Nerve transfer (vs. repair) showed greater FC between left M1 and right inferior parietal areas. Time since surgery was not linearly related to FC, though exploratory analyses suggested a negative association between log-time and FC between left M1 and right inferior parietal lobule.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After PNI surgery, visuomotor precision drawing involved distinct and behaviorally relevant neural patterns, which varied by task demand and potentially by surgical group despite clinical heterogeneity. Inferior parietal cortex may be especially engaged in early months after surgery (i.e. log-time). To improve recovery of upper limb function after PNI, clinical recommendations include incorporating early function-specific dexterous training, tailoring rehabilitation across surgical and recovery stages, and using multidimensional assessments of hand function.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.28.721485","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:25:59Z","timestamp":1777886759000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional connectivity during drawing after upper extremity peripheral nerve surgery: enhanced connectivity between motor and visuomotor-parietal regions"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Gassass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MD","family":"Wheelock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Kapil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"},{"name":"Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"},{"name":"Kinesiology, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Brogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Dy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Mackinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"BA","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"},{"name":"Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026050614151084000_2026.04.28.721485v1.1","first-page":"420883","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system reconstruction reroutes cortical motor output\u2014Brain reorganization uncovered by effective connectivity","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"2026050614151084000_2026.04.28.721485v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4588"},{"key":"2026050614151084000_2026.04.28.721485v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2008.04.005"},{"key":"2026050614151084000_2026.04.28.721485v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.028"},{"key":"2026050614151084000_2026.04.28.721485v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anthony, M. , Hattori, R. , Nicholas, M. 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