{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:26:54Z","timestamp":1785432414846,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":86,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["U19NS130608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19NS130608"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>T-cells infiltrate somatosensory ganglia in response to nerve damage, autoimmune disease, and infection, contributing to sensory abnormalities and pain. In na\u00efve states, T-cells are rare in the rodent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) but have been reported in human and non-human primates without known relevant exposures. It remains unclear whether there are inherent evolutionary or species differences in DRG T-cell residence. Using a comparative biology approach, we investigated the frequency and distribution of T-cells in the mammalian DRG across humans, non-human primates, pigs, and rodents, and in humans investigated the contributions of sex and age. Spatial transcriptomics and immunofluorescence independently verified the robust presence of DRG T-cells at similar levels in humans, non-human primates, and pigs, but were fewer in rats and largely absent in mice. In humans, premenopausal females were more likely to have elevated DRG endoneurial T-cells than post-menopausal females or adult males. T-cells were detected in human dorsal root ganglion at as early as two months of age but were less abundant within the perineuronal niche. Most human DRG T-cells expressed distinct markers consistent with a resident memory (Trm) phenotype. We discuss the importance of studying the functional roles of DRG-resident T-cells and raise broader considerations for modelling peripheral nervous system disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.30.722027","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:25:16Z","timestamp":1777998316000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["T-cell distribution in the dorsal root ganglion across species, sex, and age"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5305-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayden A.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United 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