{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:22:29Z","timestamp":1785424949921,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"group-title":"Biophysics","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["U01EY032055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01EY032055"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["EY029710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY029710"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P30EY001730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY001730"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"George and Martina Kren Professorship in Vision Research"},{"name":"Dawn's Light Foundation"},{"name":"Kren Engineering in Medicine Initiative"},{"award":["NRF Fellowship Award (NRF-NRFF14-2022-0005)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF Fellowship Award (NRF-NRFF14-2022-0005)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cpyc314","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Startup Grant from Nanyang Technological University"},{"name":"the seed funding programme under NMRC Centre Grant \u2013 Singapore Imaging Eye Network","award":["(NMRC\/CG\/C010A\/2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(NMRC\/CG\/C010A\/2017)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(MOH-001748-00)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(MOH-001748-00)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"SPIE Franz-Hillenkamp Postdoctoral Fellowship"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011728q79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The biomechanical properties of the retina govern its function, structural integrity, and susceptibility to disease, yet remain difficult to measure in vivo due to the lack of safe, spatially localized mechanical actuation. Here, we introduce a framework for probing retinal biomechanics in the living human eye by leveraging intrinsic optical actuation driven by phototransduction. Using phase-resolved optical coherence tomography with a local phase-referencing approach, we resolved signed, nanometer-scale displacements of the major outer retinal interfaces evoked by light. The resulting deformation field, originating in the photoreceptor outer segment, was distributed across retinal compartments in an eccentricity-dependent manner, with efficient axial transfer in the fovea and attenuated propagation in the parafovea. A hybrid analytical and finite-element framework was developed that retrieved the biomechanical properties of the retinal compartments based on their coordinated deformation and the anatomical variation in retinal structure versus eccentricity. In retinitis pigmentosa, the paradigm enabled the detection of light-evoked deformation in the transition zone despite the loss of native lamination, enabling a functional readout of the vulnerable photoreceptors at the leading edge of degeneration. Together, these results establish intrinsic optical stimulation as a basis for in vivo retinal elastography and enable the non-invasive, quantitative imaging of retinal biomechanics and function in the living human retina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.01.722017","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:30:14Z","timestamp":1777883414000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vivo elastography of the human retina using light-evoked intrinsic actuation"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huakun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6996-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vimal Prabhu","family":"Pandiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palash","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debarshi","family":"Mustafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramkumar","family":"Sabesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3896."},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3112"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235249"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.052"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071114-040829"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15476278.2015.1019687"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.01.016"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyley, M. M. & Parker, K. J . Elastography: general principles and clincial applications. Ultrasound Clin. 9, 1 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cult.2013.09.006"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-2010-0576"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01437-w"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serai, S. D. & Yin, M . MR elastography of the abdomen: basic concepts. In Preclinical MRI of the Kidney: Methods and Protocols 301\u2013323 (Springer, 2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0978-1_18"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/22\/7275"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22785","article-title":"Liver stiffness assessment by tagged MRI of cardiac-induced liver motion","volume":"65","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25379","article-title":"Assessment of liver fibrosis using fast strain-encoded MRI driven by inherent cardiac motion","volume":"74","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.03.018"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8450"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.01-1282"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.086579"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2024.05.004"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164717","article-title":"Subretinal injection techniques for retinal disease: a review","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.09.018"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501396","article-title":"Subretinal photovoltaic implant to restore vision in geographic atrophy due to AMD","volume":"394","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902920402"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523802194028"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182247535"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramier, A. et al. In vivo measurement of shear modulus of the human cornea using optical coherence elastography. Sci. Rep. 10, 17366 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74383-4"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.5641","article-title":"In vivo biomechanical mapping of normal and keratoconus corneas","volume":"133","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20143"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.009197"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambekar, Y. S. et al. Characterization of retinal biomechanical properties using Brillouin microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 25, (2020).","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.9.090502"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.001172"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.004023"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219897617","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of posterior eye elasticity using shaker-based optical coherence elastography","volume":"245","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.12.36","article-title":"Acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography of the crystalline lens: safety","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.082701.102229"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202485119"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandiyan, V. P. et al. The optoretinogram reveals the primary steps of phototransduction in the living human eye. Sci. Adv. 6, eabc1124 (2020).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc1124"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.001162"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606428113"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816360116"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.398868"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.444567","article-title":"Light-adapted flicker optoretinograms captured with a spatio-temporal optical coherence-tomography (STOC-T) system","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Optoretinography reveals rapid rod photoreceptor movement upon rhodopsin activation. Light Sci. Appl. 15, 58 (2026).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-02149-6"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.473475","article-title":"Coarse-scale optoretinography (CoORG) with extended field-of-view for normative characterization","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0169-1","article-title":"The stiffness of living tissues and its implications for tissue engineering","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12277","article-title":"Analysis of mitochondrial mechanical dynamics using a confocal fluorescence microscope with a bent optical fibre","volume":"260","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microsc"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.004054"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(06)69740-7"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Y. et al. In Vivo Elasticity Mapping of Posterior Ocular Layers Using Acoustic Radiation Force Optical Coherence Elastography. Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci. 59, 455 (2018).","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22971"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001633","article-title":"In vivo human corneal shear-wave optical coherence elastography","volume":"98","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabakova, I. et al. Brillouin microscopy. Nat. Rev. Methods Primer 4, 8 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-023-00286-z"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.10.5","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation optoretinography detects early central cone photoreceptor dysfunction in retinal dystrophies","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P. et al. In vivo optophysiology reveals that G-protein activation triggers osmotic swelling and increased light scattering of rod photoreceptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, (2017).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620572114"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.423733","article-title":"Functional optoretinography: concurrent OCT monitoring of intrinsic signal amplitude and phase dynamics in human photoreceptors","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005098"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49014-5"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.58","unstructured":"Weiss, C. E . et al. Optoretinography in R9AP-bradyopsia reveals the essential role of G-protein signaling in the human cone elongation response."},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, K. J. , Szabo, T. & Holm, S . Towards a consensus on rheological models for elastography in soft tissues. Phys. Med. Biol. 64, 215012 (2019).","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab453d"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramtohul, P. , Cabral, D. , Sadda, S. , Freund, K. B. & Sarraf, D . The OCT angular sign of Henle fiber layer (HFL) hyperreflectivity (ASHH) and the pathoanatomy of the HFL in macular disease. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 95, 101135 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101135"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gass, J. D. M . M\u00fcller Cell Cone, an Overlooked Part of the Anatomy of the Fovea Centralis: Hypotheses Concerning Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Macular Hole and Foveomacular Retinoschisis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 117, 821 (1999).","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.6.821"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masri, R. A. , Greferath, U. , Fletcher, E. L. , Martin, P. R. & Gr\u00fcnert, U . Immunohistochemistry and Spatial Density of M\u00fcller Cells in the Human Fovea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 66, 46 (2025).","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.46"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8502","article-title":"Nanoscale Topographic and Biomechanical Studies of the Human Internal Limiting Membrane","volume":"53","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendel, B. J. et al. Multimodal High-Resolution Imaging in Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Comparison Between Optoretinography, Cone Density, and Visual Sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 65, 45 (2024).","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.10.45"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5799"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1110","article-title":"Retinal Laminar Architecture in Human Retinitis Pigmentosa Caused by Rhodopsin Gene Mutations","volume":"49","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18246","article-title":"Assessing photoreceptor structure in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome","volume":"57","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassoued, A ., et al. Cone photoreceptor dysfunction in retinitis pigmentosa revealed by optoretinography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118, e2107444118 (2021).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107444118"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.032","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes in Optoretinography Provide an Early and Sensitive Biomarker of Outer Retinal Disease","volume":"277","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac013"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120415"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(03)00039-9"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, B. W. et al. Retinal Remodeling and Metabolic Alterations in Human AMD. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 10, (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00103"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5865","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.436337","article-title":"Reflective mirror-based line-scan adaptive optics OCT for imaging retinal structure and function","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6574","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.473608","article-title":"Characterizing cone spectral classification by optoretinography","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.77","unstructured":"Teng, P . Caserel-an open source software for computer-aided segmentation of retinal layers in optical coherence tomography images. Zenodo (2013)."},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson, S. B. & Roorda, A . Correcting for miniature eye movements in high-resolution scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. in vol. 5688 145\u2013151 (SPIE, 2005).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.591190"},{"key":"2026050609551424000_2026.05.01.722017v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14542","article-title":"In Vivo Imaging of Human Cone Photoreceptor Inner Segments","volume":"55","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.01.722017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:55:31Z","timestamp":1778086531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.01.722017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":79,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.05.01.722017","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}