{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:04:08Z","timestamp":1789988648733,"version":"4.0.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":66,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01NS145438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS145438"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Understanding how nervous systems generate coordinated movement requires precise measurement of body kinematics during natural behavior. The fruit fly,\n                  <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  , is a model organism with sophisticated behavior and well-studied neural circuits, but tracking fly movements in 3D remains challenging because of their teeny bodies, rapid movements, and frequent self-occlusions. Here we present a pipeline for markerless, full-body 3D pose estimation of fly terrestrial behavior, combining seven synchronized high-speed cameras to capture whole-body kinematics at 800 frames per second. We trained a hybrid 2D\/3D deep learning model to track 50 keypoints, then refined them to produce anatomically feasible kinematic trajectories through a retargeting process that solved an inverse kinematics problem constrained by a biomechanical body model. Analysis of 3D kinematics revealed that flies perform grounded running across their full speed range, without transitioning between discrete gaits. Using multi-animal tracking, we found that courting males coordinate both wings during song and modulate body pitch to track the female\u2019s vertical position. Our open-source pipeline and large 3D kinematic dataset of fly behavior provide a foundation for neuromechanical modeling and mechanistic studies of motor control in a genetically tractable model organism.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.03.722293","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:05:12Z","timestamp":1777899912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole-body 3D kinematics of freely behaving\n                  <i>Drosophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ignacio","family":"Ispizua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Neurobiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-2467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliott 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