{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T02:17:39Z","timestamp":1778552259869,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":59,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the United States National Institutes of Health","award":["R01EB037095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB037095"]}]},{"name":"the United States National Institutes of Health","award":["R01ES036951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES036951"]}]},{"name":"the United States National Institutes of Health","award":["RF1 NS115581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1 NS115581"]}]},{"name":"the United States National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 NS111039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS111039"]}]},{"name":"the United States National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 EB028143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EB028143"]}]},{"name":"the United States National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 DK139109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK139109"]}]},{"name":"The United States National Science Foundation","award":["2144788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2144788"]}]},{"name":"American Heart Association Collaborative Science Award"},{"name":"Duke Gilhuly Acceleration Grant"},{"name":"Duke University Pratt Beyond the Horizon Grant"},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Grant","award":["2024-349531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-349531"]}]},{"name":"Duke University DST Spark Seed Grant"},{"name":"Duke Coulter Translational Grant; North Carolina Biotechnology Center Triangle Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Three-dimensional photoacoustic tomography (3D-PAT) enables noninvasive structural and functional imaging with optical absorption contrast and ultrasonic detection depth. However, its spatial resolution is limited by acoustic diffraction, and incomplete detection geometry can substantially degrade image fidelity and quantitative accuracy. Here, we present a ULM-guided model-based reconstruction framework, termed 3D-PAULM\n                  <jats:sup>prior<\/jats:sup>\n                  that incorporates sub-diffraction vascular priors from concurrent ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) into 3D photoacoustic reconstruction. The method uses weighted regional Laplacian regularization to integrate high-resolution vascular information into the inverse problem, thereby enhancing vascular sharpness, suppressing limited-view artifacts, and improving blood oxygen saturation estimation. We validated 3D-PAULM\n                  <jats:sup>prior<\/jats:sup>\n                  using numerical simulations, tissue-mimicking phantoms, and\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  mouse brain imaging. Compared with conventional reconstruction, 3D- PAULM\n                  <jats:sup>prior<\/jats:sup>\n                  improved spatial resolution by over 50%, increased contrast-to-noise ratio by 261.2%, and enhanced structural similarity index by 24.6%.\n                  <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  , 3D-PAULM\n                  <jats:sup>prior<\/jats:sup>\n                  recovered vascular structures that were poorly resolved or missing in conventional reconstructions and produced more spatially confined sO\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  maps. These results establish 3D-PAULM\n                  <jats:sup>prior<\/jats:sup>\n                  as a robust multimodal reconstruction strategy for high-resolution structural and functional photoacoustic imaging.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.04.722751","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:00:18Z","timestamp":1778220018000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional Photoacoustic Tomography with Ultrasound Localization Priors"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Haoming","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yirui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Lowerison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9103-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School 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