{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T08:07:00Z","timestamp":1779091620301,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":32,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["I01BX005627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01BX005627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute","award":["P30CA014520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA014520"]}]},{"name":"UW | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madiso"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA238423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA238423"]}]},{"name":"BIRCWH program","award":["2K12AR084227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2K12AR084227"]}]},{"name":"Diane Lindstrom Foundation"},{"name":"Centennial Scholars Program"},{"name":"Wisconsin Ovarian Cancer Alliance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cytokines are immunomodulatory proteins that play central roles in regulating immune responses and represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. However, as single agents, cytokines have shown limited clinical benefit due to systemic toxicities and a short in vivo half-life. Our group has focused on engineering fusion cytokines (fusokines) that couple two cytokines into a single biologic to reprogram immune cell responses by enforcing non-canonical receptor engagement and signaling. A chimeric IL-6\/IL-1\u03b2 fusokine was engineered to test the hypothesis that enforced co-engagement of IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 signaling pathways would confer a gain-of-function phenotype in T cells and promote robust anti-tumor immunity. Here, we describe the immunomodulatory properties of IL6\/1 fusokine and a method to deliver this fusokine to produce inhibition of ovarian tumor growth in a pre-clinical mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lentiviral vectors encoding murine or human IL6\/1 were designed using Vector Builder and expressed in either HEK293, CHO or ID8-F3 (p53\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) cells depending on the downstream experiment to be conducted. IL6\/1 expression was validated by ELISA and flow cytometry. Effects of human IL6\/1 (hIL6\/1) on T cell function (proliferation, memory phenotype, activation induced apoptosis) were monitored by flow cytometry. For in vivo studies, ID8-F3 murine ovarian cancer cells expressing mouse IL6\/1 (mIL6\/1) were administered intraperitoneally (I.P.) as a cell-based therapy to C57BL\/6 female mice bearing established ID8-F3 luciferase tumors. Tumor progression was monitored by bioluminescence (BLI) imaging, and overall survival was evaluated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>hIL6\/1 significantly enhanced T cell survival and selectively promoted activation and expansion of CD45RO\u207a memory T cells. mIL6\/1 expressing ID8-F3 cells (ID8IL6\/1) demonstrated stable transduction and sustained cytokine secretion. In vivo, ID8IL6\/1 cell therapy significantly reduced tumor growth and improved overall survival compared to control groups, with 2 of 8 mice achieving complete tumor clearance.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings indicate that IL6\/1 fusokine enhances T cell survival and proliferation while promoting memory responses. Engineered cancer cells (ID8-F3) expressing mIL6\/1 fusokine induced a strong anti-tumor response when delivered as a therapeutic vaccine in ovarian cancer mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>What is already known on this topic<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Fusokines are a class of bifunctional proteins designed to achieve synergistic immune modulation. Previous studies in our lab have shown fusokine exhibit gain-of-function immunomodulating activity. Individually, IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 are recognized for their roles in promoting T-cell proliferation and effector function. However, the potential for a fused IL-6\/1 fusokine to reprogram the immune system and elicit a superior anti-tumor response\n                        <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        in ovarian cancer model is not yet studied.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <\/jats:list>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>What this study adds<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>This study develops a novel fusion cytokine (fusokine), combining IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2, and demonstrate robust activation of T cells. In a preclinical ovarian cancer model, engineered cancer cells expressing IL6\/1 used as a therapeutic vaccine showed significant tumor reduction and improved overall survival.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <\/jats:list>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>How this study might affect research, practice or policy<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>This study demonstrates that in comparison to individual cytokines, fusokines have greater potential to activate T cell function and when delivered as a cell therapy, achieve clear therapeutic efficacy in an ovarian cancer model. Further translational and clinical studies may enable the development of novel and more effective fusokine cell therapy approaches for patients with ovarian cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <\/jats:list>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.05.721149","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T18:48:56Z","timestamp":1778438936000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An autologous cell-based therapeutic vaccine expressing IL6\/1 fusokine drives robust anti-tumor response against ovarian cancer"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3436-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sejal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-8562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8435-1999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Pennati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6754-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catigan","family":"Hedican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9315-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Barroilhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8205-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish S.","family":"Patankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9374-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Galipeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026051800200978000_2026.05.05.721149v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldmann TA . 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