{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T15:15:25Z","timestamp":1781363725048,"version":"3.54.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":64,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01 AR082845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AR082845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AR083379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR083379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Focal injuries to articular cartilage in load-bearing joints fail to heal and often progress to degeneration, underscoring the need for repair strategies that result in restored cartilage structure and function rather than fibrocartilage formation. Granular extracellular matrix (gECM) hydrogels, flowable grafts composed of densely-packed matrix particles, offer a promising approach but lack long-term functional validation in large-animal models. Here, we developed a flowable gECM hydrogel composed of decellularized cartilage microparticles incorporated within a thiol-functionalized hyaluronan matrix. Proteomic analysis confirmed enrichment of cartilage-specific gECM matrisome components. When implanted into critical-sized femoral condyle defects in a goat model and evaluated 12 months post-implantation, both gECM hydrogel and microdrilling (surgical controls) achieved &gt;80% defect filling. However, in contrast to microdrilling, gECM repair tissue exhibited surface tribological (friction, adhesion) and compressive mechanical properties comparable to native cartilage, with a similar proteoglycan-to-collagen ratio, enrichment of type II collagen, minimal type I collagen (typical of a fibrous scar), improved quantitative MRI metrics, and evidence of lateral cartilage integration and subchondral bone remodeling. Together, these findings demonstrate that a flowable gECM hydrogel supports integrative, cartilage-like repair in a load-bearing joint, supporting advancement of this approach toward clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>One Sentence Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A granular ECM hydrogel implanted in a goat condyle provided a robust repair, filling the defect tissue with integrated, hyaline-like cartilage at 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.05.723111","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T01:00:14Z","timestamp":1778374814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flowable Grafts Made from Granular Extracellular Matrix (gECM) Hydrogels Promote Integrative Repair of Articular Cartilage in a Large-Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Jeanne E.","family":"Barthold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Heye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin P.","family":"McCreery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Savard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Bisazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woowon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell C.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ceja Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"},{"name":"BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Johnstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics and Rehabilitations, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Gadomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Easley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corey P.","family":"Neu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"},{"name":"BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00004"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Osteoarthritis Fact Sheet https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/osteoarthritis."},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222454"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120945313"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202109194"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. E. Barthold , B. M. St. Martin , S. L. Sridhar , F. Vernerey , S. E. Schneider , A. Wacquez , V. L. Ferguson , S. Calve , C. P. Neu , Recellularization and Integration of Dense Extracellular Matrix by Percolation of Tissue Microparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2103355 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202103355"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202201115"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Xu , J. Vecstaudza , M. A. Wesdorp , M. Labbert\u00e9 , N. Kops , M. Salerno , J. Kok , M. Simon , M.- F. Harmand , K. Vanc\u00edkov\u00e1 , B. van Rietbergen , M. M. Misciagna , L. Dolcini , G. Filardo , E. Farrell , G. J. V. M. van Osch , J. Locs , P. A. J. Brama , Incorporating strontium enriched amorphous calcium phosphate granules in collagen\/collagen-magnesium-hydroxyapatite osteochondral scaffolds improves subchondral bone repair. Mater. Today Bio 25, 100959 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.100959"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040966"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Yin , C. Qin , S. Pan , C. Shi , G. Wu , Y. Feng , J. Zhang , Z. Yu , B. Liang , J. Gui , Injectable hyperbranched PEG crosslinked hyaluronan hydrogel microparticles containing mir-99a-3p modified subcutaneous ADSCs-derived exosomes was beneficial for long-term treatment of osteoarthritis. Mater. Today Bio 23, 100813 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100813"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10475","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10475","article-title":"The novel hyaluronic acid granular hydrogel attenuates osteoarthritis progression by inhibiting the TLR-2\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway through suppressing cellular senescence","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.12","first-page":"e2206117","article-title":"Influence of Microgel and Interstitial Matrix Compositions on Granular Hydrogel Composite Properties","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.350212","article-title":"A hyaluronic acid granular hydrogel nerve guidance conduit promotes regeneration and functional recovery of injured sciatic nerves in rats","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.14","first-page":"358","article-title":"Increased connectivity of hiPSC-derived neural networks in multiphase granular hydrogel scaffolds","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2018.11.001"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01118-4"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. E. Barthold , K. P. McCreery , J. Martinez , C. Bellerjeau , Y. Ding , S. J. Bryant , G. L. Whiting , C. P. Neu , Particulate ECM biomaterial ink is 3D printed and naturally crosslinked to form structurally-layered and lubricated cartilage tissue mimics. Biofabrication 14, 025021 (2022).","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ac584c"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086723"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Neishabouri , A. Soltani Khaboushan , F. Daghigh , A.-M. Kajbafzadeh , M. Majidi Zolbin , Decellularization in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Evaluation, Modification, and Application Methods. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 805299 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.805299"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.21","first-page":"e629","article-title":"Microdrilling Demonstrates Superior Patient-Reported Outcomes and Lower Revision Rates Than Traditional Microfracture: A Matched Cohort Analysis","volume":"3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Sports Med. Rehabil"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2008.0047","article-title":"The interface of functional biotribology and regenerative medicine in synovial joints","volume":"14","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.06.036"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.03.012"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.25","first-page":"734","article-title":"Articular cartilage: From formation to tissue engineeringBiomater","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.26","unstructured":"V. Mow , R. Huiskes , Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics & Mechano-biology (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2005)."},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-024-00367-x"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109350438"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2020.0244","article-title":"The Challenge of Cartilage Integration: Understanding a Major Barrier to Chondral Repair","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.30","unstructured":"L. Goodrich , Clinically Applicable and Translatable Animal Models in Orthobiologic Research for Cartilage Repair and Osteoarthritis in Humans (2024)."},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100878"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/CTM2.248"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. G. Gonz\u00e1lez V\u00e1zquez , L. A. Blokpoel Ferreras , K. E. Bennett , S. M. Casey , P. A. J. Brama , F. J. O\u2019Brien , Systematic Comparison of Biomaterials-Based Strategies for Osteochondral and Chondral Repair in Large Animal Models. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 10, 2100878 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100878"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00900"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Hevesi , J. M. Denbeigh , C. A. Paggi , C. Galeano-Garces , L. Bagheri , A. N. Larson , M. J. Stuart , D. B. F. Saris , A. J. van Wijnen , A. J. Krych , Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee: A Viability and Histologic Analysis for Optimizing Graft Viability and Expanding Existing Standard Processed Graft Resources Using a Living Donor Cartilage Program. Cartilage 13, 948S (2021).","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603519880330"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20135"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509348478"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jack. Farr , A. H. Gomoll , Cartilage Restoration : Practical Clinical Applications., 253 (2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0427-9"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047S","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603520904757","article-title":"Particulated Cartilage for Chondral and Osteochondral Repair: A Review","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436773","article-title":"Closure of osteochondral lesions using chondral fragments and fibrin adhesive","volume":"101","year":"1983","journal-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Traumatic Surgery"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2017.12.008"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01208"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508328414"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13115","article-title":"Biomechanical Properties of Repair Cartilage Tissue Are Superior following Microdrilling Compared to Microfracturing in Critical Size Cartilage Defects","volume":"37","year":"2023","journal-title":"In Vivo (Brooklyn"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.12.049","article-title":"Hyaluronan scaffolds: A balance between backbone functionalization and bioactivity","volume":"6","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1322"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4256"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Naba , K. R. Clauser , S. Hoersch , H. Liu , S. A. Carr , R. O. Hynes , The Matrisome: In Silico Definition and In Vivo Characterization by Proteomics of Normal and Tumor Extracellular Matrices. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 11, M111.014647 (2012).","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.014647"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75556"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00652-9"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.53","unstructured":"G. R. Dickson , Methods of Calcified Tissue Preparation (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., New York, NY USA, 1984)."},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.06.007","article-title":"Human articular cartilage is orthotropic where microstructure, micromechanics, and chemistry vary with depth and split-line orientation","volume":"28","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. N. Eckstein , S. M. Thomas , A. K. Scott , C. P. Neu , N. A. Hadley-Miller , K. A. Payne , V. L. Ferguson , The heterogeneous mechanical properties of adolescent growth plate cartilage: A study in rabbit. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 128, 105102 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105102"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM02045G","article-title":"Microscale mapping of extracellular matrix elasticity of mouse joint cartilage: an approach to extracting bulk elasticity of soft matter with surface roughness \u2020","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.12.019"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. L. Johnson , Contact Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, 1985).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139171731"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1515\/crll.1882.92.156","article-title":"Ueber die Ber\u00fchrung fester elastischer K\u00f6rper","volume":"1882","year":"1882","journal-title":"crll"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.60","first-page":"3789","article-title":"Calibration of atomic-force microscope tips","volume":"64","year":"1993","journal-title":"Review of Scientific Instruments"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.61","first-page":"3298","article-title":"An improved wedge calibration method for lateral force in atomic force microscopy","volume":"74","year":"2003","journal-title":"Review of Scientific Instruments"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Fuhrmann , J. R. Staunton , V. Nandakumar , N. Banyai , P. C. W. Davies , R. Ros , AFM stiffness nanotomography of normal, metaplastic and dysplastic human esophageal cells. Phys. Biol. 8, 015007 (2011).","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/8\/1\/015007"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. K. and A . D. R. K. L. Johnson , Surface Energy and the Contact of Elastic Solids. 324, 301\u2013313 (2016).","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1971.0141"},{"key":"2026051209101126000_2026.05.05.723111v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11534-011-0096-2"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.05.723111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:10:31Z","timestamp":1778602231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.05.723111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":64,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.05.05.723111","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}