{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:08:54Z","timestamp":1778501334831,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"group-title":"Public and Global Health","reference-count":54,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMAD) cause substantial morbidity and mortality globally. Kenya, like many low- and middle-income countries, experiences severe shortage of specialized mental healthcare workers and poor coverage of screening and management for PMAD. Provision of screening and treatment by lay and non-specialist providers in the context of routine maternal child health services may enhance access to mental health services and improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a hybrid type II cluster randomized clinical trial in 20 facilities in Western Kenya, we will evaluate the clinical, service delivery, and implementation outcomes of a stepped-care model integrating: 1) screening of all pregnant women for depression and anxiety symptoms, 2) Problem Management Plus (PM+) counseling delivered by trained lay providers, and 3) telepsychiatry for women with severe symptoms, suicidality, or inadequate response to PM+. The intervention package also includes a bundle of implementation strategies such as audit and feedback, process mapping, health educational health talks, and procurement of antidepressants for all sites. In addition, intervention sites will receive provider training, structured supervision and financial compensation for providers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Facilities will be randomized 1:1 to intervention and enhanced standard of care (basic screening and referral to specialist care), using restricted randomization. We will enroll a total of 2,970 women. Women will be eligible if they are pregnant and \u226520 weeks\u2019 gestation, attending antenatal care at the facility, \u226514 years old, and screen positive for PMAD symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]-2\u22653 and\/or Generalized Anxiety Disorder-[GAD]-2\u22653). Assessments will be conducted at enrollment (pregnancy), 6 weeks, 14 weeks, and 6 months postpartum among participants in both study arms to align with routine well-baby visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Primary outcomes are PMAD symptoms (PHQ-9 and GAD-7 score) change at 14 weeks postpartum using an intent-to-treat analysis. Secondary outcomes include quality of life at 14 weeks postpartum, PM+ mechanism of action, and adverse pregnancy outcomes at 6 weeks postpartum. Using mixed methods, we will evaluate acceptability and fidelity of the intervention and compare service delivery and other implementation outcomes (penetration, efficiency, equity, cost) across arms and alongside multilevel drivers of implementation success.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study protocol was approved by Kenyatta National Hospital\/University of Nairobi (P425\/04\/2023) and the University of Washington (STUDY00017933). All participants will provide written informed consent. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and international conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06456307\">NCT06456307<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Strengths and limitations of this study<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Strengths include:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This is among the first studies to evaluate a stepped care intervention for perinatal mental health that has been integrated into routine public maternal child health services in a low-resource setting<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This is among the first studies to evaluate telepsychiatry as part of an integrated care model in a low-resource setting.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This study combines 3 evidence-based and resource-appropriate interventions, that have the potential to be scalable in this context<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The study will generate not only clinical effectiveness data but also data on implementation outcomes in the context of service provision by routine providers, which will enable holistic evaluation of the intervention\u2019s potential<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This is a large randomized controlled trial conducted in a mix of rural and urban clinics in Kenya, increasing generalizability across geographical contexts<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                    Limitations include:\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>PM+ is provided in-person and transportation barriers may prevent clients\u2019 consistent attendance<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The implementation strategies used include financial support for providers and essential medications, limiting generalizability<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                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