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Despite the clinical importance of\n                  <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  , how gene and protein expression are coordinated with growth remains poorly defined. Here, we profiled transcript, protein, and tRNA pool dynamics across distinct phases of\n                  <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  growth. Differences in protein abundance and corresponding mRNA levels suggested growth phase-dependent posttranscriptional regulation. Growth-associated genes exhibited biased synonymous codon usage, with ribosomal and glycolytic proteins enriched in low-abundance codons read by queuosine-modifiable tRNAs. Analysis of tRNA modification and tRNA isoacceptor abundance revealed growth phase-dependent changes, particularly in anticodon stem loop modifications that influence synonymous codon translation. Changes in queuosine levels preceded shifts in ribosomal proteins, suggesting a contribution to codon-biased translation. Collectively, these findings reveal growth phase-associated remodeling of the\n                  <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  tRNA pool and support a model in which queuosine-dependent translational reprogramming shapes protein expression during bacterial growth.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections. Despite its clinical importance, a comprehensive understanding of the organism\u2019s physiology and adaptation to environmental changes remains incomplete. Here, we characterized protein, transcript, and tRNA dynamics across bacterial growth phases, uncovering a role for post-transcriptional regulation marked by tRNA reprogramming and biased synonymous codon usage. These findings enhance our understanding of\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth and support a model of translational reprogramming therein.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.07.723122","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T04:35:12Z","timestamp":1778387712000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Growth-dependent tRNA Reprogramming and Codon Bias Link Translation to Metabolic State in\n                  <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Mitchener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore 138602, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8915-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaiah","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dziergowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0916-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Pethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology 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