{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:06:03Z","timestamp":1790003163979,"version":"4.0.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":114,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["F32MH124268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32MH124268"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04xeg9z08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Working memory, the transient maintenance and manipulation of information, is fundamental to human cognition. While working memory is typically thought to rely on frontoparietal cortex, the cerebellum communicates with association cortex through closed-loop cerebro-cerebellar pathways and is well positioned to influence cortical dynamics supporting cognition. It is currently unknown whether cerebellar processing is causally necessary for the maintenance of visual information and whether cortical population coding is dependent on cerebellum. We combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of frontal, parietal, and cerebellar cortex in humans. Using a generative model of population receptive fields, we show that cerebellar perturbation impairs spatial working memory recall and broadly degrades cortical spatial tuning. Direct comparisons revealed dissociable effects on population coding: cerebellar perturbation preferentially reduced stimulus-specific gain in early visual cortex, parietal perturbation preferentially suppressed stimulus-independent visual responses, and frontal perturbation preferentially increased response variability across higher-order visual, parietal, and frontal regions. These findings demonstrate that intact cerebellar function is necessary for maintaining cortical working memory representations and that cerebellar, parietal, and frontal nodes support working memory fidelity via distinct mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Working memory is a central process in cognition that allows us to maintain information in mind for decision-making, planning, and action. Working memory is commonly thought to rely on interactions among frontal, parietal, and sensory cortices. By combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with fMRI and model-based analyses, we show that the human cerebellum, most often associated with motor function, is also causally necessary for maintaining visuospatial information. Perturbing cerebellar, parietal, and frontal regions all impaired working memory recall, but had distinct impacts on cortical population coding underlying the maintenance of information. These findings demonstrate that prevailing theories of working memory must expand to include a distributed cortico-cerebellar network with dissociable regional contributions to the fidelity of maintained representations.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.14.724968","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T08:30:18Z","timestamp":1778833818000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cerebellar, parietal, and frontal cortex exert distinct causal influences on cortical population codes supporting working memory"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2845-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James A.","family":"Brissenden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United 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