{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T21:08:43Z","timestamp":1779224923853,"version":"3.51.4"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":60,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) represents the only viral antigen at the surface of infected cells, making it an ideal target for antibody-based therapies. Most antibodies elicited in people with HIV (PWH) do not recognize Env in its native \u201cclosed\u201d conformation but readily bind to Env when it samples the CD4-bound \u201copen\u201d conformation. Downregulation of CD4 at the surface of infected cells by the viral accessory proteins Nef and Vpu prevents the premature opening of Env and has been shown to protect infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by PWH plasma. Here, we report that deletion of Nef and Vpu from primary infectious molecular clones renders infected cells vulnerable to antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) mediated by PWH plasma. This is in part linked to the premature engagement of Env with CD4. In agreement with an \u201copen\u201d Env being vulnerable to ADCP, small CD4 mimetic compounds (CD4mc) sensitize\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  -infected cells and\n                  <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  -expanded CD4 T cells to ADCP mediated by autologous monocytes in presence of PWH plasma. This effect was further improved by increasing cell surface Env through IFN-induced BST-2 upregulation.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Developing new therapies to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells is essential to decrease the size of the HIV-1 reservoir. Fc-effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have shown potential in eliminating\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro-<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected cells and\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo-<\/jats:italic>\n                    expanded infected cells from people with HIV, decreasing the size of the reservoir and delaying viral rebound in humanized mice. Here, we report that antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) can also be harnessed to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells. We show that infected cells harboring \u201copen\u201d Env conformations are susceptible to ADCP-mediated killing in the presence of plasma from people with HIV. A better understanding of the contribution of different Fc-effector functions in the elimination of infected cells could help guide the development of new therapeutic approaches toward an HIV-1 cure.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.14.725178","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:15:16Z","timestamp":1778904916000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nef and Vpu protect infected cells from ADCP mediated by plasma from people with HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"B\u00e9langer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tauzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fitsumbrhan","family":"Tajebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Chandravanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung-Ching","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ta-Jung","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Medjahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Tolbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna M.","family":"Huryn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"St\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Pazgier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Finzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Checkley, M.A. , B.G. Luttge , and E.O. Freed , HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein biosynthesis, trafficking, and incorporation, in J Mol Biol. 2011: Netherlands. p. 582\u2013608.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.04.042"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freed, E.O. and M.A. Martin , The role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins in virus infection, in J Biol Chem. 1995: United States. p. 23883\u20136.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.41.23883"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.06.002"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munro, J.B. , et al., Conformational dynamics of single HIV-1 envelope trimers on the surface of native virions, in Science. 2014: United States. p. 759\u201363.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254426"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.007"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veillette, M. , et al., Interaction with cellular CD4 exposes HIV-1 envelope epitopes targeted by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, in J Virol. 2014: United States. p. 2633\u201344.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03230-13"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veillette, M. , et al., The HIV-1 gp120 CD4-bound conformation is preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals, in J Virol. 2015: United States. p. 545\u201351.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02868-14"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiken, C. , et al., Nef induces CD4 endocytosis: requirement for a critical dileucine motif in the membrane-proximal CD4 cytoplasmic domain, in Cell. 1994: United States. p. 853\u201364.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90360-3"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.12.7193-7200.1992"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.9.6044-6053.1996"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tauzin, A. , et al., The HIV-1 envelope cytoplasmic tail protects infected cells from ADCC by downregulating CD4, in mBio. 2025: United States. p. e0176325.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.06.658250"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111983"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madani, N. , et al., Small-molecule C D4 mimics interact with a highly conserved pocket on HIV-1 gp120, in Structure. 2008: United States. p. 1689\u2013701.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2008.09.005"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.5b00471"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J. , et al., CD4 mimetics sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC, in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015: United States. p. E2687\u201394.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506755112"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.004","article-title":"Co-receptor Binding Site Antibodies Enable CD4-Mimetics to Expose Conserved Anti-cluster A ADCC Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchitto, L. , et al., The combination of three CD4-induced antibodies targeting highly conserved Env regions with a small CD4-mimetic achieves potent ADCC activity, in J Virol. 2024: United States. p. e0101624.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.07.597978"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tauzin, A. , et al., Three families of CD4-induced antibodies are associated with the capacity of plasma from people living with HIV to mediate ADCC in the presence of CD4-mimetics, in J Virol. 2024: United States. p. e0096024.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.02.24308281"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J. , et al., The asymmetric opening of HIV-1 Env by a potent CD4 mimetic enables anti-coreceptor binding site antibodies to mediate ADCC, in Nat Commun. 2025: England. p. 10419.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65866-x"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritschi, C.J. , et al., Indoline CD4-mimetic compounds mediate potent and broad HIV-1 inhibition and sensitization to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023: United States. p. e2222073120.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2222073120"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsland, P.A. , et al., Structural basis for Fc gammaRIIa recognition of human IgG and formation of inflammatory signaling complexes , in J Immunol. 2011: England. p. 3208\u201317.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101467"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J. , et al., Structure of FcgammaRI in complex with Fc reveals the importance of glycan recognition for high-affinity IgG binding, in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015: United States. p. 833\u20138.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418812112"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2720159"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00332"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow, B.J. , et al., Potent broadly neutralizing antibodies mediate efficient antibody-dependent phagocytosis of HIV-infected cells, in PLoS Pathog. 2024: United States. p. e1012665.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012665"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01141"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forthal, D.N. , et al., FcgammaRIIa genotype predicts progression of HIV infection, in J Immunol. 2007: England. p. 7916\u201323.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.11.7916"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, A.W. , et al., Polyfunctional Fc-effector profiles mediated by IgG subclass selection distinguish RV144 and VAX003 vaccines, in Sci Transl Med. 2014: United States. p. 228ra38.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007736"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126391"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Om, K. , et al., Adjuvanted HIV-1 vaccine promotes antibody-dependent phagocytic responses and protects against heterologous SHIV challenge, in PLoS Pathog. 2020: United States. p. e1008764.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008764"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J. , et al., BST-2 Expression Modulates Small CD4-Mimetic Sensitization of HIV-1-Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity, in J Virol. 2017: United States.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00219-17"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.32","unstructured":"Durand, M. , et al., The Canadian HIV and aging cohort study - determinants of increased risk of cardio-vascular diseases in HIV-infected individuals: rationale and study protocol, in BMC Infect Dis. 2017: England. p. 611."},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J. , et al., CD4 downregulation precedes Env expression and protects HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC mediated by non-neutralizing antibodies, in mBio. 2024: United States. p. e0182724.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.01.592003"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochsenbauer, C. , et al., Generation of transmitted\/founder HIV-1 infectious molecular clones and characterization of their replication capacity in CD4 T lymphocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages, in J Virol. 2012: United States. p. 2715\u201328.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06157-11"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gondim, M.V.P. , et al., Heightened resistance to host type 1 interferons characterizes HIV-1 at transmission and after antiretroviral therapy interruption, in Sci Transl Med. 2021: United States.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd8179"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parrish, N.F. , et al., Phenotypic properties of transmitted founder HIV-1, in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013: United States. p. 6626\u201333.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304288110"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kmiec, D. , et al., Vpu-Mediated Counteraction of Tetherin Is a Major Determinant of HIV-1 Interferon Resistance, in mBio. 2016: United States.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00934-16"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.08.004"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, S. , et al., A Highly Conserved Residue of the HIV-1 gp120 Inner Domain Is Important for Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Mediated by Anti-cluster A Antibodies, in J Virol. 2016: United States. p. 2127\u201334.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02779-15"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prevost, J. , et al., Upregulation of BST-2 by Type I Interferons Reduces the Capacity of Vpu To Protect HIV-1-Infected Cells from NK Cell Responses, in mBio. 2019: United States.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01113-19"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neil, S.J. , T. Zang , and P.D. Bieniasz , Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu, in Nature. 2008: England. p. 425\u201330.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06553"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias, J.F. , et al., Tetherin antagonism by Vpu protects HIV-infected cells from antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014: United States. p. 6425\u201330.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321507111"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31405"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies, in Lancet. 2008: England. p. 293\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61113-7"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5341.1295"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chomont, N. , et al., HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation, in Nat Med. 2009: United States. p. 893\u2013900.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1972"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsahafi, N. , et al., SOSIP Changes Affect Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Conformation and CD4 Engagement, in J Virol. 2018: United States.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01080-18"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A.H. , et al., Degranulation of natural killer cells following interaction with HIV-1-infected cells is hindered by downmodulation of NTB-A by Vpu, in Cell Host Microbe. 2010: United States. p. 397\u2013409.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.10.008"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchitto, L. , et al., Impact of HIV-1 Vpu-mediated downregulation of CD48 on NK-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, in mBio. 2023: United States. p. e0078923.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00789-23"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusali, G. , et al., The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef and Vpu proteins downregulate the natural killer cell-activating ligand PVR, in J Virol. 2012: United States. p. 4496\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05788-11"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X. , et al., HIV-1 Env trimer opens through an asymmetric intermediate in which individual protomers adopt distinct conformations, in Elife. 2018: England.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34271.022"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.002"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, S.P. , et al., Two Families of Env Antibodies Efficiently Engage Fc-Gamma Receptors and Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells, in J Virol. 2019: United States.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01823-18"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kedzierska, K. , et al., Defective phagocytosis by human monocyte\/macrophages following HIV-1 infection: underlying mechanisms and modulation by adjunctive cytokine therapy, in J Clin Virol. 2003: Netherlands. p. 247\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00123-3"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teer, E. , et al., Monocyte\/Macrophage-Mediated Innate Immunity in HIV-1 Infection: From Early Response to Late Dysregulation and Links to Cardiovascular Diseases Onset, in Virol Sin. 2021: Netherlands. p. 565\u2013576.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00332-0"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.014"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113053"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040886"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scully, E. and G. Alter , NK Cells in HIV Disease, in Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2016: United States. p. 85\u201394.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0310-3"},{"key":"2026051913550669000_2026.05.14.725178v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solis-Leal, A. , et al., Lymphoid tissues contribute to plasma viral clonotypes early after antiretroviral therapy interruption in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Sci Transl Med, 2023. 15(726): p. eadi9867.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adi9867"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.14.725178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T20:55:21Z","timestamp":1779224121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.14.725178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":60,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.05.14.725178","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}