{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:17:06Z","timestamp":1787066226671,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":91,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"NIH Common Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01NS132788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NS132788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"NIH Common Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01NS098961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01NS098961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cedars-Sinai Department of Neurosurgery bridge funds"},{"name":"Simons Foundation SCGB"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Midbrain circuits are thought to govern reward-guided behavior and momentary happiness, yet causal evidence in humans remains scarce. Here, we show that focal microstimulation of the substantia nigra pars compacta alters both decision making and momentary happiness in patients undergoing awake deep-brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson\u2019s disease. During a gambling task with interleaved momentary happiness ratings, stimulation delivered at outcome reduced risk-seeking in the loss domain without increasing overall gambling probability. Stimulation improved choice efficiency, guiding behavior toward gambles with higher expected value and thereby increasing cumulative earnings. Computational modeling revealed selective changes in loss processing, with reduced loss weighting and more linear loss utility, while gain processing remained unchanged. In parallel, stimulation did not tonically elevate happiness but selectively amplified outcome-related happiness changes, scaling with decision value and reward prediction errors. These results provide causal evidence that localized perturbation of human midbrain circuits reshapes valuation, choice, and momentary well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.15.723537","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:50:21Z","timestamp":1779209421000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microstimulation of the human dopaminergic midbrain enhances outcome-related happiness and reduces loss seeking"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8445-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Yebra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristos","family":"Courellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0799-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clayton","family":"Mosher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongzheng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Tagliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4245-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Mamelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9207-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ueli","family":"Rutishauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026052113000444000_2026.05.15.723537v1.1","first-page":"600","volume":"92","year":"2004","journal-title":"Characterization of neocortical principal cells and interneurons by network interactions and extracellular features"},{"key":"2026052113000444000_2026.05.15.723537v1.2","unstructured":"Barto, A. 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