{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:06:26Z","timestamp":1779368786804,"version":"3.53.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"group-title":"Evolutionary Biology","reference-count":50,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["1R35GM133412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R35GM133412"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Social interactions are ubiquitous in nature and have the potential to affect trait evolution, particularly in group-living animals such as cooperative breeders. Interactions among conspecific individuals can affect the amount of additive genetic variation for a trait when the phenotype of an individual is also affected by the genotype of its social partner(s) via indirect genetic effects. Thus, quantifying both direct and indirect genetic effects of social partners is critical for understanding and predicting evolutionary trajectories. While much is known about maternal indirect genetic effects, empirical estimates of indirect genetic effects from other social partners remain limited, particularly in wild populations. Here, we use animal models to assess the contribution of indirect genetic effects from all social partners in a family group (mothers, fathers, and helpers) on juvenile morphometric traits across ontogeny in the cooperatively-breeding Florida scrub-jay (\n                  <jats:italic>Aphelocoma coerulescens<\/jats:italic>\n                  ). We found indirect genetic effects of helpers and fathers on nestling weight, but no indirect genetic effect of mothers. Across ontogeny, we found increasing additive genetic variation in both weight and tarsus length. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of within-group indirect genetic effects in a cooperative breeder and highlights the importance of considering indirect genetic effects beyond maternal effects.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.16.725675","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:00:22Z","timestamp":1779163222000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indirect genetic effects across ontogeny in an avian cooperative breeder"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Gladiana","family":"Spitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elissa","family":"Cosgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tori D.","family":"Bakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Ecology Lab, Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahas","family":"Barve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Ecology Lab, Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reed","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Ecology Lab, Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"},{"name":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0689"},{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esab056"},{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.130617"},{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.120493"},{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2013.15","article-title":"The quantitative genetics of indirect genetic effects: a selective review of modelling issues","volume":"112","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01550.x"},{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00672.x","article-title":"Indirect genetic effects influence antipredator behavior in guppies: estimates of the coefficient of interaction psi and the inheritance of reciprocity","volume":"63","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol"},{"key":"2026052105251338000_2026.05.16.725675v1.8","unstructured":"Butler, D. 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