{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:07:08Z","timestamp":1779448028852,"version":"3.53.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":69,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32 AI007519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI139133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI139133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI191312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI191312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI130128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI130128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI191067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI191067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32 AI007363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R35 GM146795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35 GM146795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20-GM113132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20-GM113132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32 HL134598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 HL134598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["P30 CA023108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA023108"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["P30 CA023108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA023108"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30 DK117469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK117469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  MDA5 is a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that binds to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and subsequently interacts with the signaling adaptor protein MAVS to initiate the antiviral interferon (IFN) response. Our group previously demonstrated that MDA5 is essential for host resistance against the fungal pathogen,\n                  <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Although fungal dsRNA was sufficient to activate MDA5 signaling, the precise source of\n                  <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  dsRNA responsible for this MDA5-stimulating function remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the magnitude of the IFN-dependent antifungal response is\n                  <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  strain dependent. Unexpectedly, we found that\n                  <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  isolates infected with dsRNA mycoviruses triggered a more robust MAVS-dependent inflammatory response within alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, dsRNA mycovirus infection increased fungal susceptibility to antifungal killing without altering other\n                  <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  growth characteristics. Although dsRNA mycovirus infection did not alter virulence in an acute bronchopneumonia model of\n                  <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection, it significantly impaired virulence and improved disease parameters in a chronic model of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Collectively, these findings reveal a novel role for trans-kingdom interactions in driving the host antifungal IFN response and modulating virulence in chronic aspergillosis models.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.18.725120","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:25:16Z","timestamp":1779168316000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trans-Kingdom dsRNA Sensing:\n                  <i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i>\n                  Mycovirus Activates MDA5\/MAVS Immunity and Limits Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Rapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon S.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alayna K.","family":"Caffrey-Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Resendiz-Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Olive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Lagrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4068-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Obar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2024.01.045"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00151-6"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00054810"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw117"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01250-20"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4538"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.7","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.8","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2022.101723"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32246-8"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy073"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.034"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051202"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02027-20"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030361"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-05-19-0166-RVW"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2024.1404961"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00947-18"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10080585"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000802"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100759"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102521"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.069"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.24","author":"National Research Council (US) Committee for the Update of the Guide for theCare and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"2011","journal-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [Internet]"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00661-17"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1024933"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419225112"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0785-7"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4293-4296.2004"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae410"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.31","unstructured":"Full article: A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff [Internet]. [cited 2026 May 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/10.4161\/fly.19695?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.32","unstructured":"Aspergillus fumigatus Strain-Specific Conidia Lung Persistence Causes an Allergic Broncho-Pulmonary Aspergillosis-Like Disease Phenotype | mSphere [Internet]. [cited 2026 May 14]. Available from: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/msphere.01250-20?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2200011"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.04.611226"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2445"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.10.026"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006340"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3474-3481.2001"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01515-16"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.04.611226"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208618109"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03045"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419225112"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2011.07.008"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102391"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.607795"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00233-15"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.07.004"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02096-3"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03171-3"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077381"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00321"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01348-2"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.010"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01546-0"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199326"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9691"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau9748"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100656"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01534-20"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00096110"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-362582"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1231278"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-016-0152-y"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201100142"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12536"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.6.1547-1554.1993"},{"key":"2026052203351816000_2026.05.18.725120v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2003.12.003"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.18.725120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:35:24Z","timestamp":1779446124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.05.18.725120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.05.18.725120","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}