{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T19:05:02Z","timestamp":1779476702526,"version":"3.53.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"group-title":"Biophysics","reference-count":37,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MIRA: National Institutes of Health \/ National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"name":"Kent State University: Farris Family Innovation Aword"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ability to encode and reliably read nanoscale information is increasingly important for multiplexed biomolecular detection and super-resolution imaging. DNA origami provides a uniquely programmable platform for arranging structural and functional elements with nanometer precision, enabling the creation of identifiable nanoscale patterns. In this context, DNA origami-based barcodes that incorporate gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to encode either origami geometry or the identity of specific biological targets within defined nanoparticle patterns have been paired with transmission electron microscopy imaging for decoding. However, surface-bond AuNPs may detach during handling, purification, or biological incubation, leading to misidentification or decoding errors in barcode analysis. Here we report a rational design for the controlled encapsulation of AuNPs within DNA origami tubes to enhance nanoparticle retention and structural integrity. We engineered curvature-inducing modifications in a flat rectangular DNA origami scaffold to promote inward folding and confinement of AuNPs. These barcodes can be further functionalized on the outer surface with bioactive aptamers and\/or fluorescence dyes, enabling targeted interactions with cells and optical readout. Programable dimerization further expands multiplexing capacity. This design provides a robust framework for structurally stable origami barcodes and advances the development of high-resolution, multiplexed labeling and diagnostic platforms.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:fig id=\"ufig1\" position=\"float\" fig-type=\"figure\" orientation=\"portrait\">\n                    <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"725969v1_ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:fig>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.18.725969","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T22:35:18Z","timestamp":1779316518000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Falafel-Style Wrapping of AuNPs for DNA Origami Barcodes"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Youssef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Swope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten L.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3989-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana P. N.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA"},{"name":"Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, 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