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Yet, the scale at which AMU reshapes host-associated resistomes remains unclear. This gap arises, in part, from the scarcity of farm-level AMU data from commercial production systems. Here, we combine detailed AMU records from commercial dairy farms with metagenomic analyses of bovine fecal resistomes from calves, lactating cows, sick cows, and cull cows. At a broad level, resistome profiles were similar regardless of farm AMU. Resistance associated with historically common antibiotics, such as tetracyclines, was frequent on low- and high-AMU farms, indicating that some resistance classes are ubiquitous in dairy systems regardless of current AMU. In contrast, resistance to other drug classes varied systematically with AMU. Higher AMU was associated with increased resistance to aminoglycosides, \u03b2-lactams, and macrolides, drug classes that are critical for treating mastitis and bovine respiratory disease. Resistance gene richness and diversity were highest in calves, underscoring the importance of accounting for host traits alongside AMU when evaluating resistance patterns. Together, these findings underscore the need for detailed, farm-level AMU data to understand how management practices shape AMR and to inform strategies for sustaining the effectiveness of existing antimicrobials in agricultural and public-health contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.22.726633","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T04:25:12Z","timestamp":1779855912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial use contributes to resistance gene enrichment across cattle groups on commercial dairy farms"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4222-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Steinberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706"},{"name":"Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colette A.","family":"Nickodem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Leite de Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley E.","family":"Kates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony L.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasia","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5537-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay K.","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Shutske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela L.","family":"Ruegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garret","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-0794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Hite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026052903400732000_2026.05.22.726633v1.1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A proposed analytic framework for determining the impact of an antimicrobial resistance intervention","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. 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