{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:13:49Z","timestamp":1788783229570,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":89,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AA030283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA030283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2237795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2237795"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Adolescence is characterized by heightened reward sensitivity and risky decision-making. Prevailing neurodevelopmental frameworks attribute these behavioral trends to a maturational imbalance between rapidly developing motivational brain regions, and slower-maturing prefrontal cognitive control circuitry. However, these models overlook the cerebellum\u2014a structure that demonstrates protracted development across adolescence and reciprocal connectivity with both striatum and prefrontal cortex. Here, we conducted a systematic literature search and activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examining reward anticipation and feedback processing in healthy adolescents (19 studies; 55 cerebellar peaks). In adults, a recent ALE analysis found a diffuse set of cognitive and affective cerebellar regions is recruited during reward anticipation, while feedback-locked activation is circumscribed and mostly restricted to the Vermis (Kruithof et al., 2023). In adolescents, we found evidence for a reward phase-specific spatial dissociation relative to adults. In adolescents, reward anticipation-locked activity is restricted to regions of the Vermis that are functionally connected to occipital and salience networks. Conversely, feedback processing elicits diffuse activation across bilateral Crus I\/II regions that are connected to frontoparietal, default-mode, and limbic networks. These results suggest a\n                  <jats:italic>proactive<\/jats:italic>\n                  engagement of cortico-cerebellar networks during reward anticipation in adults, and a\n                  <jats:italic>reactive<\/jats:italic>\n                  recruitment of cortico-cerebellar networks post-feedback in adolescents. Adolescents may have less mature internal models for optimizing decision-making, and as a result they may require more widespread recruitment of cortico-cerebellar cognitive and affective circuitry post-feedback. Prevailing maturational imbalance models of youth decision-making should be expanded to incorporate developmental changes in cerebellar reward processing.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.27.726906","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T01:45:12Z","timestamp":1780191912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protracted prediction: Neurodevelopment of reward processing in the adolescent cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Teagan S.","family":"Mullins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology, Widener University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Hogeveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.646052"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021598"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.045"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22690"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.022"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.02.011"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000496107"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2011"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav0581"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015156"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810002106"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3868"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13330"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2558"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.01.003"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003688"},{"key":"2026090705050499000_2026.05.27.726906v2.20","unstructured":"Diedrichsen, J. , Shahshahani, L. , Husain, I. , Ivry, R. , 2024. 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