{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:53:59Z","timestamp":1787068439574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":99,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006734","name":"Princeton University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["to HSS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["to HSS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01 NS090562 to HSS, TE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 NS090562 to HSS, TE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 EY027036, R01 NS104926, UH2 CA203710 to HSS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY027036, R01 NS104926, UH2 CA203710 to HSS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 EY036978 to GS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY036978 to GS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SPP 2041, 313856816 to PB, TE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPP 2041, 313856816 to PB, TE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["NextMechMod, 101039115 to PB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NextMechMod, 101039115 to PB"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003493","name":"Hertie Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["to PB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["to PB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Transformational Team Science Award to GS, PB, TE, HSS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Transformational Team Science Award to GS, PB, TE, HSS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  Comprehensive wiring diagrams from electron microscopy (EM) are a powerful tool to understand the inner workings of the brain. The retina is an easily accessible part of the brain that performs complex visual computations. Its thin, layered structure offers a unique opportunity to decipher neural cell types and map their connectivity. A major obstacle has been the limited size of existing retinal EM datasets, which could not resolve rare cell types and neurons with large dendritic arbors. Here, we describe Eyewire II, a large-scale EM dataset covering nearly 1 mm\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                  of the adult mouse retina \u2013 roughly 10-100 times larger than previous retinal EM volumes. Human proofreading of an automated reconstruction has so far yielded more than 8, 000 bipolar cells, 13, 000 amacrine cells, and 4, 000 retinal ganglion cells. Automated detection is complete for synaptic ribbons and in progress for conventional synapses. Prior to EM imaging, visual responses to diverse stimuli \u2013 including natural movies \u2013 were recorded in a subset of neurons using two-photon Ca\n                  <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                  imaging, enabling direct alignment of morphological and functional cell type identity. To enable high-throughput, automatic cell typing, we devised a human-in-the-loop approach that combines deep learning with human expert annotations. As a proof-of-principle, we show that morphological features of reconstructed bipolar cells are sufficient to recover all 15 known bipolar cell types with regular, non-overlapping mosaics. Together, these data and tools establish Eyewire II as a shared resource for the field of retina research. Already now, more than 30 laboratories worldwide are contributing proofreading, expert annotations, and software tools, advancing Eyewire II towards a complete cell type catalog and synaptic wiring diagram of a mammalian retina.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.28.727403","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:50:16Z","timestamp":1780347016000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Eyewire II \u2013 A connectomic resource for resolving cell types and circuits of the mouse retina"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8128-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Str\u00f6h","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9071-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Brain Health, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0530-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Fadjukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Lause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Brain Health, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8919-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Oesterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Brain Health, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA"},{"name":"Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertie Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Brain Health, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4490-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arie","family":"Matsliah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 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