{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T18:57:41Z","timestamp":1781031461004,"version":"3.54.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":49,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["P01AI168347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AI168347"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["75N93021C00015 \/ Option 18.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00015 \/ Option 18.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Coronaviruses are widespread human pathogens with demonstrated pandemic potential. We developed a phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-Seq) library, C-Spike, enabling the profiling of serum antibody responses to coronavirus spike proteins. The C-Spike library includes peptides from 49\n                  <jats:italic>Alpha<\/jats:italic>\n                  - and\n                  <jats:italic>Betacoronavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                  spike proteins, including pandemic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV), seasonal coronaviruses (HKU1, OC43, 229E, NL63), and selected animal coronaviruses of spillover interest. The library includes a series of 46 amino acid-long peptides covering each spike, with adjacent tiles overlapping by 23 amino acids. Additionally, the library contains alanine-scanned versions of each peptide, tiling three alanine residues at every position across the peptide length, allowing for precise identification of motifs important for antibody binding. We validate C-Spike and its associated bioinformatic analysis pipeline using control antibodies and sera with known reactivity. C-Spike complements existing approaches like neutralization assays to enable deep characterization of antibody responses to coronavirus spike proteins, enabling precise determination of sites important for antibody binding.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.04.730002","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T10:40:12Z","timestamp":1780742412000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A phage display library to dissect antibody responses to human coronavirus spike proteins"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Louis J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiagarajan","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Frieman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026060911050897000_2026.06.04.730002v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v47i03a02","article-title":"Seasonality of coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses in Canada: Implications for COVID-19","volume":"47","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. 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