{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:57:14Z","timestamp":1781794634080,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"group-title":"Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy","reference-count":69,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The research reported in this paper was supported by the National Institutes of Health","award":["K99\/R00DC015554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99\/R00DC015554"]}]},{"name":"The research reported in this paper was supported by the National Institutes of Health","award":["R56\/R01DC019639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56\/R01DC019639"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) paired with behavioral language therapy can improve naming in persons with aphasia (PWA), yet naming errors persist. Little is known about how naming error patterns change after non-invasive brain stimulation is combined with language treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine whether right cerebellar tDCS plus computerized aphasia therapy changes the types of naming errors in people with chronic aphasia across timepoints, and to determine whether effects differ by cerebellar tDCS polarity (anode vs. cathode).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject crossover study, we retrospectively analyzed behavioral data from 24 individuals with post-stroke aphasia. Each participant completed two 15-session intervention periods (3\u20135 sessions\/week) with active cerebellar tDCS + computerized aphasia therapy and sham + computerized aphasia therapy, separated by a two-month washout. General linear models (GLMs) assessed longitudinal changes in six error types (semantic, phonological real word, phonological nonword, no response, mixed, unrelated) on an untrained picture naming task (Philadelphia Naming Test; PNT) and a trained task (Naming 80; N80). Additional GLMs evaluated polarity effects with 2 (Group: anode vs. cathode) \u00d7 2 (Treatment) interactions, and treatment-order effects with 2 (Group: tDCS-first vs. sham-first) \u00d7 2 (Treatment) interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcomes and Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Active cerebellar tDCS did not significantly change error types for trained items (N80). For untrained items (PNT), active tDCS reduced several error types relative to sham, with the clearest and most durable reduction in phonological nonword errors; more moderate reductions occurred for phonological real word and unrelated errors. Mixed errors showed a marginally opposite pattern, tending to increase after tDCS and decrease after sham.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Polarity analyses indicated broadly similar effects across anodal and cathodal stimulation overall, but only the anode group showed a reliable treatment effect for phonological nonword errors on the PNT. Treatment-order analyses revealed no significant order effects.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results indicate a shift in naming error types, particularly after tDCS treatment for the untrained naming task (PNT). These findings may help guide the course of treatment approaches of those with aphasia and what error naming pattern types may show changes post stroke when combining non-invasive brain stimulation and computerized aphasia therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Aphasia Treatment [\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT02901574\">NCT02901574<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ]\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.08.26354856","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:40:15Z","timestamp":1781653215000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating naming error patterns after non-invasive brain stimulation and language treatment in persons with aphasia"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Myra J.","family":"Sydnor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah Alan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky","family":"Lammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Murter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Lindquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajani","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00328-0"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.08.003"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.576785"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030701415880"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025290"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.01.003"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.10.001"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-331541"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_AJSLP-25-00012"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-020-00257-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"2026061807450874000_2026.06.08.26354856v1.13","unstructured":"Cohen, J . 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