{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:58:05Z","timestamp":1781319485200,"version":"3.54.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":164,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PRIN 2022- BAGEL, CUP J53C24003080001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2022- BAGEL, CUP J53C24003080001"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01GM123558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM123558"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a regulator of brain function, yet its role in experience-dependent plasticity during postnatal development remains largely unknown. Here, we show that disrupting the gut microbiota with antibiotics during critical periods of visual cortex development impairs ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) in juvenile mice. Antibiotic treatment induces marked changes in microbial community composition and is accompanied by extensive transcriptional remodeling of the visual cortex, including pathways involved in extracellular matrix organization, blood-brain barrier function, and myelination. Remarkably, fecal transplantation of the juvenile microbiota into adult recipients restores ODP.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>These findings identify the gut microbiota as a previously unrecognized regulator of neurodevelopmental plasticity and support the existence of microbiota-dependent critical periods of brain development. More broadly, our results suggest that early-life microbial perturbations may have lasting consequences for lifelong brain function and reveal that juvenile microbiota-derived signals could be exploited to promote plasticity in the adult brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.08.730811","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:20:23Z","timestamp":1781317223000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Critical Period Microbiota Shape Brain Plasticity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Damiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kousha Changizi","family":"Ashtiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI in Science Institute, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tognozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif","family":"Abdelkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI in Science Institute, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cornuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Caldarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI in Science Institute, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Tognini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Cardio-thoracic Department, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Brain Development and the Role of Experience in the Early Years","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zero Three"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TINS.2019.08.001"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2270"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-5037-8"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860110","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.860110","article-title":"Prenatal Environment and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa248","article-title":"Deficient or Excess Folic Acid Supply During Pregnancy Alter Cortical Neurodevelopment in Mouse Offspring","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.7","first-page":"25","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: A Potential Regulator of Neurodevelopment","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.05.002"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109491","article-title":"The gut-brain connection: Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota on neuroplasticity and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"231","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.10","first-page":"97","article-title":"Tryptophan Metabolism in Neurodevelopment and Its Implications For Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"63","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724449","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.724449","article-title":"The Effects of Delivery Mode on the Gut Microbiota and Health: State of Art","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaf076","article-title":"Microbiota regulation of gut-brain neuroimmune crosstalk in early life","volume":"38","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.022"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13014-7"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1560-1"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021055"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.06.022","article-title":"Risk of Asthma and Allergies in Children Delivered by Cesarean Section: A Comprehensive Systematic Review","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44932-8","article-title":"Cesarean section and the risk of allergic rhinitis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202605","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2605","article-title":"Association of Birth by Cesarean Delivery With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Among Adult Women","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14427","article-title":"Delivery mode and risk of gastrointestinal disease in the offspring","volume":"101","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1489-4","article-title":"Dynamic construction of gut microbiota may influence allergic diseases of infants in Southwest China","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerd\u00f3, T. , Ruiz, A. , and Campoy, C. (2017). Human gut Microbiota and obesity during development. In Adiposity - Omics and Molecular Understanding (InTech).","DOI":"10.5772\/65928"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2757","article-title":"Association of Early Exposure of Probiotics and Islet Autoimmunity in the TEDDY Study","volume":"170","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768977","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1768977","article-title":"Patterns of gut microbiome composition, function and dynamics in toddlers, adolescents and adults over a three-year period","volume":"17","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.03.020"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.173"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173554"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000208"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.05.012"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01060.x"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61154-w"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11121476"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1848"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.238","article-title":"Association between breastfeeding duration and cognitive development, autistic traits and ADHD symptoms: a multicenter study in Spain","volume":"81","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-020-00326-4","article-title":"Associations between breastfeeding and cognitive function in children from early childhood to school age: a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004454","article-title":"Maternal dietary patterns, breastfeeding duration, and their association with child cognitive function and head circumference growth: A prospective mother-child cohort study","volume":"22","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082639"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2414798"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2571428"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2025.112814"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.01.002"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1843396"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.27"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy018"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.129"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04284-y","article-title":"Antibiotic use and gut microbiome composition links from individual-level prescription data of 14,979 individuals","volume":"32","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.04.004"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.12.008"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15062"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-24-128","article-title":"Changes in short-chain fatty acids affect brain development in mice with early life antibiotic-induced dysbacteriosis","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103688"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/2395-146x.2017.00001.1"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220845"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00240"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254960"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3190"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.009"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114362"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072699"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.008"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.06.010","article-title":"Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan","volume":"1861","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07853-8"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.014647"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2018-000198"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.054"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2009.01093.x"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq951"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.009"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.373666","article-title":"Implications of Olig2 silencing in oligodendrocyte precursor cells","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6094-7"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813110106"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90249-2"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3722-16.2017"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110212"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0708-5"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000081107"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507396","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1507396","article-title":"Age and diet affect self-resilience of intestinal microbiome in mice","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060895","article-title":"Understanding ligilactobacillus salivarius from probiotic properties to omics technology: A review","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.10.077"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200164","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200164","article-title":"Roseburia hominis alleviates neuroinflammation via short-chain fatty acids through histone deacetylase inhibition","volume":"66","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02143-0"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14536"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64717-0"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9438-y","article-title":"Probiotics-fermented Massa Medicata Fermentata ameliorates weaning stress in piglets related to improving intestinal homeostasis","volume":"102","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100096","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100096","article-title":"Propionate and butyrate produced by gut Microbiota after probiotic supplementation attenuate lung metastasis of melanoma cells in mice","volume":"65","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110667","article-title":"The gut microbiota confers the lipid-lowering effect of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) In high-fat diet (HFD)-Induced hyperlipidemic mice","volume":"131","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.08.010"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16111615","article-title":"Origin of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, and their impacts on drug development: A narrative review","volume":"16","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaa039","article-title":"The impact of early life antibiotic use on atopic and metabolic disorders: Meta-analyses of recent insights","volume":"2020","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01795-z","article-title":"Short-term exposure to antibiotics begets long-term disturbance in gut microbial metabolism and molecular ecological networks","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.398"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2847"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1787"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113813"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020179"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00851-21"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0181-2"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02201-4"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626894","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.626894","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of short chain fatty acids against sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27086-x"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137379","article-title":"The role of short chain fatty acids in inflammation and body health","volume":"25","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090849"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039743"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1174832","article-title":"Insight into gut dysbiosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic colitis","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.107","first-page":"5579608","article-title":"Correlation analysis between gut Microbiota and metabolites in children with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0932-8_7"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04506-8","article-title":"Orchestrating the Matrix: The Role of Glial Cells and Systemic Signals in Perineuronal Net Dynamics","volume":"50","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq145"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2025031","article-title":"Excitatory\/Inhibitory balance in autism spectrum disorders: Integrating genetic, neurotransmitter and computational perspectives","volume":"12","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.112","first-page":"813441","article-title":"Dysregulation of GABAergic Signaling in Neurodevelomental Disorders: Targeting Cation-Chloride Co-transporters to Re-establish a Proper E\/I Balance","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20201112-02","article-title":"Challenges in Treating Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioners","volume":"58","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.114","first-page":"597","article-title":"Exploring the relationship of Mind Skills and Social Skills with Autistic Traits among diagnosed children with autism Spectrum Disorder (asd)","volume":"05","author":"Department of Applied Psychology, IUB","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak. J. Soc. Res"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115546"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56989-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota profile in CDKL5 deficiency disorder patients","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00704-0"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1115"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-008-0485-9"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7435","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087435","article-title":"Proteins and transcriptional dysregulation of the brain extracellular matrix in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"24","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.11.032"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14312"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.08.017","article-title":"Gut microbiome improves postoperative cognitive function by decreasing permeability of the blood-brain barrier in aged mice","volume":"164","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15299"},{"issue":"263r","key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.125","first-page":"a158","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.02.020"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040657"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122979","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid on blood-brain barrier and glial function in ischemic stroke","volume":"354","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091882"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.130","first-page":"517","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids promote the effect of environmental signals on the gut microbiome and metabolome in mice. Commun","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.06.009"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2021.100468","article-title":"Wrapping things up: Recent developments in understanding the role of the microbiome in regulating myelination","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134574","article-title":"Does the gut microbiota contribute to the oligodendrocyte progenitor niche?","volume":"715","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0597-9","article-title":"The Microbiome-Gut-Behavior Axis: Crosstalk Between the Gut Microbiome and Oligodendrocytes Modulates Behavioral Responses","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.11.001"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e774","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.42","article-title":"Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13442"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-025-01893-x","article-title":"Early-life gut microbiota depletion leads to persistent CNS myelin impairment in adult Swiss albino mice","volume":"55","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Physiol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.139","first-page":"e15671","article-title":"The Microbiota Shapes Central Nervous System Myelination in Early Life","volume":"13","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35004582"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07261.x"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1359-19.2019"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac015","article-title":"Butyric acid precursor tributyrin modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and prevents spatial memory deficits: Role of PPAR\u03b3 and AMPK","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06351-5"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.01.005"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.03.001","article-title":"Association of infection in neonates and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.147","first-page":"3649","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Young-Trained Donors Improves Cognitive Function in Old Mice Through Modulation of the Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1823801"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01243-w"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00093-9","article-title":"Microbiota from young mice counteracts selective age-associated behavioral deficits","volume":"1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003120"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx119"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805225178"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05333.x"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1621"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp120"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.6.509"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks420"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/NAR\/GKAC194"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211"},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.163","unstructured":"Totaro, V. , Lupori, L. , and Pizzorusso, T. (2025). CounTastic: A MATLAB-Based Software for Cell Counting."},{"key":"2026061219201316000_2026.06.08.730811v1.164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201642463"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.08.730811","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:20:35Z","timestamp":1781317235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.08.730811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":164,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.06.08.730811","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}