{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T21:57:07Z","timestamp":1781215027867,"version":"3.54.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":54,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R01AI189918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI189918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R01AI146914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI146914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amoebiasis, a diarrheal infection that is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Despite its importance to human health, the basic mechanism of disease is poorly understood. E. histolytica is dramatically understudied, even in comparison to other understudied parasites, due to challenging features of its genome and the relative paucity of genetic tools. A major limitation is the historical lack of gene knockouts or manipulation of the endogenous genome. While CRISPR\/Cas9 has led to major advances in the tractability of numerous parasites, until recently, it was not applied in E. histolytica, except for the demonstration of editing of an episomal plasmid. In this study, we further developed CRISPR\/Cas9 and demonstrated the successful targeting of the endogenous cysteine protease 5 (CP5) gene, a major virulence factor. Further, we demonstrated successful CRISPR\/Cas9-based editing of this locus, which represents the very first successful editing of the endogenous genome. In the course of these approaches, we developed the viral skip peptide approach as well as a suite of endogenous promoters to drive tunable levels of gene expression. We also performed the most extensive empirical testing of nuclear localization signals in E. histolytica that has been done. Thus, this work demonstrates effective CRISPR\/Cas9-based manipulation of the endogenous genome, together with significant advances to the overall genetic toolkit that extend beyond CRISPR\/Cas9. These great improvements in the tractability of E. histolytica thus set the stage for future studies to better define its virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.08.731005","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1781062523000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CRISPR\/Cas9 knockout and editing of the major cysteine protease in\n                  <i>Entamoeba histolytica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Wesley","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene L.","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA"},{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Luder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Microbes, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Jebiwott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine S.","family":"Ralston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv772"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.12.012"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006085.pub3"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07167-9"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03291"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00129-4"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000716"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz009"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2016.09.001"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.09.005"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074465"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.06.024"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7095"},{"key":"2026061114000902000_2026.06.08.731005v1.16","unstructured":"Olvera A , Olvera F , Vines RR , Recillas-Targa F , Lizardi PM , Dhar S , Bhattacharya S , Petri W , Alag\u00f3n A (1997) Stable transfection of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites by lipofection. 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