{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:32:08Z","timestamp":1785407528545,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"group-title":"Pharmacology and Toxicology","reference-count":67,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01AI109139, R01DK124612, and UT2AA031151."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI109139, R01DK124612, and UT2AA031151."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001d55x84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and\n                  <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                  (\n                  <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) infection (CDI) are clinically associated, yet there is limited effective treatment for both diseases. Bile salt analogs (BSAs) have demonstrated potential in treating either MASLD or CDI. We screened a library of BSAs (n=112) previously synthesized as potential inhibitors of\n                  <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                  spore germination, for their therapeutic potential in reducing intracellular accumulation of fatty acids in HepG2 cells as candidates for prevention and treatment of both MASLD and CDI. The screening was based on an\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  model established by incubating HepG2 cells with free fatty acids, with obeticholic acid (OCA), a known BSA with anti-MASLD activity as a control. Gene and protein expressions were quantified to validate the treatment effect. We found that compounds C13, C24, C25, C74, C98, and C101 demonstrated significant effectiveness in both preventing the intracellular accumulation of lipids and removing pre-loaded cellular lipids. Gene expression analysis showed that C24, C25, and C74 produced a similar pattern characterized by a robust induction of FGF21 expression, while C13, C98, and C101 produced a transcription pattern that mirrors the effect of OCA. Structurally, while C13, C24, and C25 do not display drug-like properties, C74, C98, and C101 are drug-like and share a similar structure. Interestingly, C101 is a potent inhibitor of\n                  <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                  spore germination. OCA shows a weak anti-gemination effect. Our study identified lead compound candidates for the development of novel therapeutics capable of treating both MASLD and CDI.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance statement<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The clinical association between MASLD and CDI remains an unmet need for dual acting therapeutic strategies. Given the reported potential of BSA, we screened 112 previously synthesized as potential inhibitors of\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore germination, for their therapeutic potential in reducing intracellular accumulation of fatty acids in HepG2 cells. Our study identified compounds that effectively reduce intracellular lipid accumulation and inhibit\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore germination. These results nominate lead candidates for developing dual-acting therapeutics targeting both MASLD and CDI.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.11.731657","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:51:03Z","timestamp":1781621463000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel bile salt analogs reduce lipid accumulation in liver cells with potential to treat both metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and Clostridioides difficile infection"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Defeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory (Pathology) Centre, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, P. R. 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