{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:56:57Z","timestamp":1785405417053,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"group-title":"Epidemiology","reference-count":34,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IIS2229881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS2229881"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R35GM146974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM146974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["LPDS 2024-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LPDS 2024-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v0k6341","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Suicide is the second leading cause of death in US adolescents aged 10-24. Method use strongly influences lethality and design of prevention strategies, but recent trends remain unclear. We therefore aimed to investigate trends in suicide mortality rates by method, age group, and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This cross-sectional study used suicide mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics for a quarter-century period, between 1999 and 2024. All individuals aged 10-24 years at the time of death, with suicide as the underlying cause, were included. We estimated suicide mortality rates (i.e., the number of suicide deaths per 100,000 people) and annual percent change by method (firearm, asphyxiation, poisoning, other), age group (10-14, 15-19, 20-24), and sex. Changing trend time points were determined using Joinpoint regression models<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 1999 to 2024, 159,241 suicide deaths occurred among individuals aged 10-24. While suicide rates declined across all age groups between 2017 and 2024, the male-to-female gap narrowed by 18.9%. Among 10-14-year-olds, declining rates among males masked a consistent increase in female suicide rates since 2011. Although asphyxiation-related suicides decreased across all groups since 2018, firearm suicide rates increased for females in the 10-14 and 20-24 age groups. Albeit not as common as firearms or asphyxiation, poisoning suicide rates increased in the 15-19 and 20-24 age groups. Since 1999, suicide rates by other less common methods (e.g., jumping) showed significant increases, for both sexes, especially among individuals aged 20-24. Suicide rates were consistently highest in the 20-24 age group across all study years.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The decrease in suicide mortality rates among individuals aged 10-24 was largely driven by declines in males and reductions in asphyxiation-related suicides. However, increasing female suicide rates in the 10-14 age group, as well as increasing rates of death by less common means, warrant close attention. While suicide prevention efforts like structural interventions and means restriction have shown effectiveness among male adolescents, priority should now be given to adapting these approaches for female adolescents, particularly those aged 10-14.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.12.26355540","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:35:20Z","timestamp":1781714120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Suicide Mortality by Method among US Individuals aged 10-24 Years from 1999 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Bischops","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Charpignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Pleasanton, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9781-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth D.","family":"Mandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maimuna","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00503-3","article-title":"A call to action: the second Lancet Commission on adolescent health and wellbeing","volume":"405","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.2","unstructured":"WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Visualization Tool. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/wisqars.cdc.gov\/lcd\/ (accessed Aug 1, 2025)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5054"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e244427","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4427","article-title":"Trends in Adolescent Suicide by Method in the US, 1999-2020","volume":"7","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.5","unstructured":"Hedegaard H , Warner M. Suicide mortality in the United States, 1999\u20132019. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/101761 (accessed May 20, 2025)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su7103a3"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0515","article-title":"Evaluation of Suicides Among US Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"176","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.8","unstructured":"AAP-AACAP-CHA Declaration of a National Emergency in Child and Adolescent Mental Health. https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en\/advocacy\/child-and-adolescent-healthy-mentaldevelopment\/aap-aacap-cha-declaration-of-a-national-emergency-in-child-and-adolescent-mental-health\/ (accessed Aug 8, 2025)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.9","unstructured":"Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends Report: 2013-2023."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7024e1"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.11","unstructured":"CDC WONDER. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/ (accessed June 27, 2025)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.12","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2025; published online June 30. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.13","unstructured":"Joinpoint Regression Program. https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/joinpoint\/index.html (accessed June 30, 2025)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.15","unstructured":"Gramlich J. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. Pew Research Center. 2026; published online April 28. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2026\/04\/28\/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-us\/ (accessed June 5, 2026)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.16","unstructured":"Hopkins J. Gun Violence in the United States 2023. 2023."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.17","unstructured":"Akinyemi OA , Ogundare T , Wedeslase T , et al. A Half-Century Analysis of Firearm-Related Mortality Trends in the United States: A Retrospective Study Utilizing National Data (1968\u20132022). Cureus; 16: e74228."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.18","unstructured":"Firearm Suicide in the United States. Everytown Research & Policy. https:\/\/everytownresearch.org\/report\/firearm-suicide\/ (accessed June 5, 2026)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7216a3","article-title":"Suspected Suicide Attempts by Self-Poisoning Among Persons Aged 10\u201319 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic \u2014 United States, 2020\u20132022","volume":"72","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30030-X","article-title":"Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22114"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000671","article-title":"Suicide Prevention Programs","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.23","unstructured":"Improving Suicide Prevention Through Evidence-Based Strategies: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Psychiatry https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20060864 (accessed June 10, 2026)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1577861","article-title":"Suicide prevention on college campuses: What works and what are the existing gaps? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.04.011","article-title":"Effectiveness of suicide prevention interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","year":"2020","journal-title":"General Hospital Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105826","article-title":"A meta-analysis of suicide prevention programs for school-aged youth","volume":"121","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.27","unstructured":"Duffy C. Parents of 16-year-old sue OpenAI, claiming ChatGPT advised on his suicide | CNN Business. CNN. 2025; published online Aug 26. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2025\/08\/26\/tech\/openai-chatgpt-teen-suicide-lawsuit (accessed Dec 11, 2025)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.28","unstructured":"Character AI chatbots engaged in predatory behavior with teens, ignored suicide threats, families allege - CBS News. 2025; published online Dec 7. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/character-ai-chatbots-engaged-in-predatory-behavior-with-teens-families-allege-60-minutes-transcript\/ (accessed Dec 11, 2025)."},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54501\/jots.v2i1.145"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.3522","article-title":"TikTok Challenges\u2014Unintentional Injuries vs Suicide Attempts","volume":"82","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14381","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14381","article-title":"Are suicides underreported? The impact of coroners versus medical examiners on suicide reporting","volume":"60","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305412"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000717"},{"key":"2026061920101237000_2026.06.12.26355540v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190200","article-title":"Discerning suicide in drug intoxication deaths: Paucity and primacy of suicide notes and psychiatric history","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.12.26355540","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T03:10:26Z","timestamp":1781925026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.12.26355540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.06.12.26355540","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}