{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:28:51Z","timestamp":1784528931561,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":86,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-AI153602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI153602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21-AI145400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-AI145400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19-AI171413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI171413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21-AI183054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-AI183054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32AI007526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Investigator in Pathogenesis"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investigator in Pathogenesis"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002590","name":"American Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1413648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1413648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Viruses must subvert host responses to facilitate successful infection. While most antiviral responses are associated with interferons, stress granules (SG) are another barrier to viral infection by inducing translation arrest. To combat SG activity, viruses have evolved mechanisms to disrupt formation and disassemble these complexes. Our prior studies identified residues in SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 (Y138\/F145) and nucleocapsid (F17) that independently antagonize SG activity. Disrupting these key residues in NSP3 or nucleocapsid attenuated viral replication, but only modestly impacted\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  pathogenesis suggesting overlap in SG antagonism partially compensate for the individual losses. In this study, we evaluated a SARS-CoV-2 mutant (YF\/F17A) that combines the NSP3 and N mutations. We find that loss of both SG antagonizing functions attenuates SARS-CoV-2 replication\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  . While no changes are seen in type I IFN sensitivity, attenuation corresponds to increased induction of SGs. Importantly, the SARS-CoV-2 YF\/F17A mutant has significant attenuation\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  with reduced viral replication, less weight loss, and limited immune pathology. Notably, infection with the YF\/F17A mutant stimulated less interferon and inflammation. Despite these muted host responses, the YF\/F17A mutant stimulated robust protection against subsequent challenge with WT SARS-CoV-2. Overall, the study highlights the importance of SG control for SARS-CoV-2 infection and offers a novel, interferon independent target for vaccination and therapeutic treatment going forward.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 uses multiple mechanisms to block host stress granules during infection. Knocking out both N and NSP3 mediated antagonism of stress granules attenuates viral replication and disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, while most therapeutics target key viral processes or induce interferon pathways, this study shows stress granule activation as a novel approach to attenuate and treat coronavirus infection.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.16.732644","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:35:19Z","timestamp":1781843719000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antagonism of stress granules key for SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"R. Elias","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"Human Pathophysiology and Translational Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari G.","family":"Lokugamage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,"},{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah K.","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,"},{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Ahearn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxue","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,"},{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"Moayyed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Plante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken S.","family":"Plante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0918-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuping","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2686-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehul S.","family":"Suthar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,"},{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet D.","family":"Menachery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,"},{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009857"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.020"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gralinski LE , Menachery VD . 2020. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020135"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12092"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiermann N , Haneke K , Sun Z , Stoecklin G , Ruggieri A . 2020. Dance with the Devil: Stress Granules and Signaling in Antiviral Responses. Viruses 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090984"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.07.006"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201642195"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinnebusch AG , Lorsch JR . 2012. The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation: new insights and challenges. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011544"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.11.020"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.06.004"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.02.001"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138864","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1138864","article-title":"Multiple functions of stress granules in viral infection at a glance","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113965"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200625","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02006-25","article-title":"Key residues in SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 hypervariable region are necessary to modulate early stress granule activity","volume":"100","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.01.025","article-title":"Charge reversal self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: A comparative study among various phosphorylated surfactants","volume":"589","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu D , Biswal M , Zhang Q , Light C , Wu Y , Ye C , Martinez-Sobrido L , Song J , Hai R. 2025. Beyond Stress Granules: G3BP1 and G3BP2 Redundantly Suppress SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070912"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0246850","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246850","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of COPD mortality in Uganda: A 2-year prospective cohort study","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54996-3"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04294-5","article-title":"Magnesium rescues the morphology of Bacillus subtilis mreB mutants through its inhibitory eeect on peptidoglycan hydrolases","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00275-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein impairs stress granule formation to promote viral replication","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25361-5"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25835-6","article-title":"Reprogrammable plasmonic topological insulators with ultrafast control","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.09.009"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01619-09"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02091-24"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003115"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010627"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167516"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2021.01.013","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein phase separates with G3BPs to disassemble stress granules and facilitate viral production","volume":"66","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-023-00043-z"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00491-8"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.004"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200516"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.10.010"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-43-1-247"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebendenne A , Valadao ALC , Tauziet M , Maarifi G, Bonaventure B, McKellar J, Planes R, Nisole S, Arnaud-Arnould M, Moncorge O, Goujon C. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 triggers an MDA-5-dependent interferon response which is unable to control replication in lung epithelial cells. J Virol 95.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02415-20"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lokugamage KG , Hage A , de Vries M , Valero-Jimenez AM , Schindewolf C , Dittmann M , Rajsbaum R , Menachery VD . 2020. Type I Interferon Susceptibility Distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from SARS-CoV. J Virol 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01410-20"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk8152"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41579-020-00468-6"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01532-22"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412882200"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa32"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009799117"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03237-4"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41586-020-2895-3"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx286"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67001-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 EndoU-ribonuclease regulates RNA recombination and impacts viral fitness","volume":"17","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golawski M , Lewandowski P , Jablonska I , Delijewski M . 2022. The Reassessed Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Attenuation for COVID-19 Vaccine Development-A Systematic Review. Viruses 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050991"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001284"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadu8067","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adu8067","article-title":"The XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccine elicits a durable antibody response to ancestral and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins","volume":"17","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26498-z"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J , Song CH . 2024. Stress Granules in Infectious Disease: Cellular Principles and Dynamic Roles in Immunity and Organelles. Int J Mol Sci 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312950"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005444"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043031"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.03.010"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03213-12"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.017"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199211"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c01026"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.4c00536","article-title":"Disruption of Molecular Interactions between the G3BP1 Stress Granule Host Protein and the Nucleocapsid (NTD-N) Protein Impedes SARS-CoV-2 Virus Replication","volume":"64","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa K , Narayanan K , Wada M , Makino S . 2018. Inhibition of Stress Granule Formation by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 4a Accessory Protein Facilitates Viral Translation, Leading to Eeicient Virus Replication. J Virol 92.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00902-18"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae290"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c02124"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2320194121"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00547-07"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2426528122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2426528122","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 enhances viral virulence by subverting host antiviral defenses","volume":"122","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009226"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0090024","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00900-24","article-title":"Requirement of the N-terminal region of nonstructural protein 1 in cis for SARS-CoV-2 defective RNA replication","volume":"98","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003646"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2536296123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2536296123","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV disrupt host protein synthesis via nsp1 with dieerential eeects on the integrated stress response","volume":"123","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117525","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01175-25","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 endoribonuclease subverts host defenses to enhance viral fitness in lung cells","volume":"99","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-024-00314-y"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-196915"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/004606-0"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0245489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245489","article-title":"Association between depressive symptoms and objective\/subjective socioeconomic status among older adults of two regions in Myanmar","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00467-25"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02749-21"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2019.01.002"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.119.400273"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/NAR\/GKAC194"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.009","article-title":"Infection- and vaccine-induced antibody binding and neutralization of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2107799","article-title":"Infection and Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing-Antibody Responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variants","volume":"385","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026062105051380000_2026.06.16.732644v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpim.116"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.16.732644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T12:05:31Z","timestamp":1782043531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.16.732644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.06.16.732644","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}