{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:13:54Z","timestamp":1785428034056,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":48,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01EY022428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY022428"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01EY024914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY024914"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01EY031446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY031446"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["F31EY031249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31EY031249"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2447707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2447707"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Undergraduate Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Undergraduate Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cmst727","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Internship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internship"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cmst727","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Visual areas V2 and V4 are critical for the perception of visual forms in primates. Neurons in area V4 of macaque monkeys are often sensitive to the curvature of specific boundary segments within shapes, but it is unknown how curvature tuning is represented in the developing brain. To address this, we recorded multiunit neural activity from areas V2 and V4 of two macaque monkeys, at both 30 and 58 weeks of age, in response to shape stimuli which primarily varied in curvature along a single segment. Observable curvature tuning was adult-like from 30 weeks of age in both V2 and V4. We compared the tuning of sites to shapes presented at multiple positions. We saw evidence of position-invariant tuning in V4, but not in V2. Position invariance in V4 was stable from 30 weeks of age. Finally, we fit two models \u2013 a stimulus-centric model of boundary curvature tuning, and a simple linear model based on the spike-triggered average response to all stimuli. We found many sites in both V2 and V4 whose responses could be captured by one or both models, but no evidence of age-related changes in curvature tuning within the space of either model. Our results suggest that the neural representation of curvature in both areas reaches maturity soon after birth, and that object-centric representations of curvature first emerge in V4, not V2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.16.732692","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:55:16Z","timestamp":1782176116000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Curvature tuning in areas V2 and V4 of the developing macaque"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2161-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Ezra","family":"Sutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States"},{"name":"Center for Computational Neuroscience, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, United States"},{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Drew University, Madison, NJ, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5270-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerick M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2631-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Oleskiw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States"},{"name":"Center for Computational Neuroscience, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najib J.","family":"Majaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9777-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynne","family":"Kiorpes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0274-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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