{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:48:38Z","timestamp":1792025318921,"version":"4.4.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":82,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["Cooperative Agreement W911NF-22-2-0139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement W911NF-22-2-0139"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011hc8f90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ARL\/ORAU Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARL\/ORAU Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011hc8f90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DC012947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC012947"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DC019979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC019979"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01MH134118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH134118"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01NS128924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS128924"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P50MH109429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50MH109429"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background \/ Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biologically inspired spiking neural networks offer a mechanistic framework for adaptive behavior, yet learning multiple goals remains challenging when synaptic updates for different targets interfere. We investigated whether multi-timescale plasticity and context-specific credit assignment improve interleaved multi-goal learning in a spiking navigation system inspired by entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We introduce evidence-gated plasticity (EGP), in which reward-modulated spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) generates transient synaptic proposals and need-weighted behavioral evidence modulates their slower consolidation into durable weights. Global EGP pools these proposals and the corresponding evidence across goals. Target-context EGP extends this framework through goal-specific proposal and evidence stores and additional need-dependent scaling of consolidation. We compared the algorithms across paired spiking networks, tested learned weights with plasticity disabled, and examined upstream representations and consolidation components.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Global EGP supported multi-goal learning and durable navigation. Target-context EGP improved early reward across 40 paired networks, including an independently specified 30-pair replication. Across eight paired networks trained for 2000 episodes, target-context EGP maintained a reward advantage, increased target-contact success, and reduced expected time to reach the target when unsuccessful blocks were included. Independent fixed-weight evaluation demonstrated durable navigation in both algorithms, with seven of eight networks favoring target-context EGP. A component experiment reproduced the target-context reward advantage and identified additional need-dependent scaling of context-specific consolidation as the only component with adjusted statistical support for improved reward.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>EGP supports durable multi-goal learning in spiking neural networks, and its target-context extension improves acquisition and conditional target selectivity in this interleaved navigation task. The framework offers a basis for testing context-sensitive, evidence-modulated plasticity in other multi-context learning problems.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.25.734613","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:16Z","timestamp":1782864016000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence-Gated Plasticity and Context-Dependent Consolidation for Multi-Goal Learning in Spiking Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel A","family":"Neymotin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY"},{"name":"Dept. Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1446-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hananel","family":"Hazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gozde","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Earl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-4812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haroon","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr J","family":"Franaszczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEVCOM US Army Research Lab, Aberdeen, MD"},{"name":"Dept. Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEVCOM US Army Research Lab, Aberdeen, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.021"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00479-z"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018. 06.008."},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007981117"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.061307.090723"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.10.002"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2862-08.2008"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-05-01945.1992"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23248","article-title":"Optogenetic \u201clow-theta\u201d pacing of the septohippocampal circuit is sufficient for spatial goal finding and is influenced by behavioral state and cognitive demand","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3304"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4661"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20509"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4017-13.2014"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0524"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2012.00030"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099745"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.06.018"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20661"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.6.1468"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl152"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0265808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265808","article-title":"Training a spiking neuronal network model of visual-motor cortex to play a virtual racket-ball game using reinforcement learning","volume":"17","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2022.1017284"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047251","article-title":"Reinforcement learning of targeted movement in a spiking neuronal model of motor cortex","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.09.007"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2005"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2011.00004"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.12.731882"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.01.012"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009591117"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.12.566754"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00836-8"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3648-15.2016"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51005"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2732"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021766"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006322"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4401"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.39","first-page":"3987","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning","volume":"70","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803839115"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2022.1037976"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2409.00021"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.44494"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnevale NT , Hines ML . The NEURON Book. Cambridge University Press; 2006.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541612"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00521"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385533a0"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.47","unstructured":"Skaggs WE , McNaughton BL , Gothard KM , Markus EJ . An Information-Theoretic Approach to Deciphering the Hippocampal Code. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 5 (NIPS 1992). pp. 1030\u20131037."},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JCNS.0000023869.22017.2e"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2024811"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2963"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6826","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14902","article-title":"Initial memory consolidation and the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis","volume":"54","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0414-13.2013"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-011-9114-3","article-title":"Spatial memory sequence encoding and replay during modeled theta and ripple oscillations","volume":"3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognit Comput"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.08.001"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00250"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.74"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.05.041"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1083-07.2007"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907078106"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22497"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.05.020"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01936.1996"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.033"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01635.x"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2510270122"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-023-00417-2","article-title":"Full-scale scaffold model of the human hippocampus CA1 area","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Comput Sci"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1236-24.2024"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.037"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01839-5"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.70","unstructured":"Bull MS , Kuo P-C , Smith AL , Buice MA . Volume transmission implements context factorization to target online credit assignment and enable compositional generalization. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems [Internet]. Curran Associates, Inc.; 2025 [cited 19 Jun 2026]. Available: https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2025\/hash\/da4dffbe0ea5181d0ad8c59e1641cecd-Abstract-Conference.html"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9096"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-024-10308-x","article-title":"Neuromorphic cognitive learning systems: The future of artificial intelligence?","volume":"16","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognit Comput"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.3045625","article-title":"Brain-inspired learning on neuromorphic substrates","volume":"109","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Inst Electr Electron Eng"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27653-2","article-title":"Brain-inspired global-local learning incorporated with neuromorphic computing","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.75","first-page":"2","article-title":"STDP and STDP variations with memristors for spiking neuromorphic learning systems","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00854-2","article-title":"Discovering neural policies to drive behaviour by integrating deep reinforcement learning agents with biological neural networks","volume":"6","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2976\/1.2732246"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0025-4","article-title":"Reinforcement learning in artificial and biological systems","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-025-10476-4","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of memory retrieval in a neuromorphic model of the hippocampus","volume":"17","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognit Comput"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102941"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022349"},{"key":"2026101417402762000_2026.06.25.734613v2.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.002"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.25.734613","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:40:36Z","timestamp":1792024836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.06.25.734613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":82,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.06.25.734613","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}