{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:54:58Z","timestamp":1787032498752,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":98,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RF1MH128949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1MH128949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RF1MH129261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1MH129261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dkye506","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although the cerebellar microcircuit is among the most well-characterized systems for studying neural computation, recent connectomic analyses highlight deviations from canonical models, raising fundamental questions about connectivity, function, and learning in the system. A key feature of the circuit is the convergence of a vast number of parallel fibers (PFs) onto Purkinje cells (PCs). Prevailing models of cerebellar computation assume all-to-all connectivity at this intersection, whereby a single PC \u201csamples\u201d from all PFs. However, experimental evidence suggests that each PC is innervated by only a subset of accessible PFs. This partial sampling creates differential connectivity that may reflect an organizational principle of cerebellar learning, but its implications are poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Based on electron microscopy (EM) reconstructions, we show that PF innervation of PCs is largely consistent with a Bernoulli model where connections are randomly and independently distributed within anatomical constraints. In further support of a random model, we observe that connections of the ascending branches of granule cells are not predictive of connections of their PFs, nor is connectivity correlated across separate spatial encounters of a PF with the same PC. In a model of the cerebellar circuit, we then address the possibility that partial connectivity is a substrate of learning, i.e., a fixed, random mask that enforces diversity between PCs. We find that when considering \u201censembles\u201d of PCs, random partial connectivity can indeed outperform all-to-all connectivity. Our results provide a theoretical framework for understanding the role of partial connectivity between cerebellar PFs and PCs and may have implications for cerebellum-like systems and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.26.734775","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T11:25:14Z","timestamp":1782645914000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Random innervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells as a substrate for diverse representational learning"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Holtrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Khajeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4618-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chung Allen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903260405"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00897.x"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1646"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043404","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/ae4bba","article-title":"Scaling and renormalization in high-dimensional regression","volume":"2026","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21974"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.7","first-page":"194","article-title":"Distinct kinetics of synaptic structural plasticity, memory formation, and memory decay in massed and spaced learning","volume":"111","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.035"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1969.32.6.1044"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094225"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1972.35.2.155","article-title":"Relations among climbing fiber responses of nearby Purkinje Cells","volume":"35","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.14.5568"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22405-8","article-title":"Autonomous Purkinje cell activation instructs bidirectional motor learning through evoked dendritic calcium signaling","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026063004300735000_2026.06.26.734775v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bower, J. 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