{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:00:01Z","timestamp":1785420001871,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"group-title":"Genetics","reference-count":63,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["F32EY035573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32EY035573"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["T32EY007092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EY007092"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01EY016435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY016435"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P30EY006360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY006360"]}]},{"award":["RX003134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RX003134"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rsv9s98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon Europe research and innovation program under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant","award":["10115390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10115390"]}]},{"name":"The Georgia Institute of Technology President\u2019s Undergraduate Research Award"},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Challenge Grant to Emory Ophthalmology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Animal models of myopia typically induce monocular refractive shifts via form deprivation (FD) or lens-induced myopia (LIM), modeling susceptibility to myopia, but with potentially limited applicability to childhood myopia. Here we describe a novel, genetically diverse mouse model of naturally occurring refractive error (NORE) with three distinct refractive phenotypes: hyperopic, myopic, and intermediate.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>C57BL\/6J mice were mated to 129S2\/SvPasCrl mice to create F1 or F2 offspring. Refractive errors in male and female F1 (N=21) and F2 (N=101) mice were assessed on postnatal days (P) 28 and 42 using photorefractometry. In a subset of mice (N=30\u201340), corneal radius of curvature, axial ocular dimensions, retinal and visual function were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>F2 mice were classified as NORE with either hyperopic (RE\u22650 diopters (D) at P28 and P42), myopic (RE&lt;0D at P28 and P42) or intermediate (RE&lt;0D at P28 and RE\u22650D at P42) refractions based on individual trajectories. All ocular parameters changed with age, with significantly slower growth in axial length and vitreous chamber depth in the intermediate versus myopic mice (p&lt;0.05). Lens thickness was smaller in the myopic group at P28. Differences in refraction were not attributed to variances in retinal function or dopamine signaling.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NORE mice represent a novel, genetically diverse wild-type mouse model that, unlike traditional models, does not require interventions such as FD or LIM to induce myopia. NORE mice provide a valuable tool for future investigations of genetic and environmental mechanisms and targeted therapeutic strategies for refractive errors.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.01.735855","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:13Z","timestamp":1783382413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Model of naturally occurring refractive error (NORE) in mice"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9646-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa R.","family":"Bentley-Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Joseph Maxwell Cleland, Atlanta VA. 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