{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:24:59Z","timestamp":1783527899116,"version":"3.55.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":44,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R35NS132326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35NS132326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AG041274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG041274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>How glial cells sense and regulate neuronal hypoactivity remains poorly understood. Using in vivo imaging in anesthetized, sleeping, and behaving mice, we identified a glial purinergic signaling mechanism that converts neuronal hypoactivity into local circuit regulation. Cortical hypoactivity increased spatially confined ATP release through astrocytic pannexin-1 hemichannels, which were structurally enriched near perisomatic parvalbumin-positive boutons. Local ATP release directed microglial process movement and stabilized bulbous endings through microglial P2Y12 signaling, accompanied by localized Ca\u00b2\u207a activity in microglial processes. Disruption of astrocytic pannexin-1 or microglial P2Y12 impaired bulbous-ending stabilization and abolished rebound increases in neuronal activity during emergence from anesthesia. Similar ATP release and bulbous-ending formation were observed during chemogenetic neuronal silencing or natural sleep in freely behaving mice. These findings identify astrocyte-to-microglia purinergic signaling as a mechanism that converts neuronal hypoactivity into synapse-selective microglial regulation of circuit activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.05.735345","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:20:13Z","timestamp":1783326013000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Astrocyte-to-microglia purinergic signaling mediates synaptic shielding and promotes neuronal activity"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1484-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichiro","family":"Haruwaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing 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