{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:03:49Z","timestamp":1785423829455,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":33,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["U01AI155325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI155325"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U01AI141308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI141308"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Vaccine immunogenicity is consistently lower in low-income countries than in high-income settings, yet the factors driving this disparity remain incompletely understood. Using multiplexed electrochemiluminescence serology, we measured IgG and IgA responses to Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccines and common childhood viral infections in 89 Ugandan infants. We integrated detailed parasitological surveillance and maternal clinical data to examine how\n                  <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection history, concurrent parasitemia, maternal gravidity, and early-life viral exposures shaped serological profiles. We found that infants mounted robust responses to most EPI vaccines, but critical gaps in protection persisted for diphtheria, measles and rubella. Children born to primigravid mothers had lower antibody levels at 8 weeks of age, independent of placental malaria and only partially explained by maternal age. Contrary to expectation, cumulative\n                  <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                  exposure was positively associated with antibody concentrations to diphtheria and varicella, and concurrent parasitemia was positively correlated with responses to multiple antigens. Seroconversion to rhinovirus C was associated with higher IgG and IgA levels to several vaccines. Together, these findings suggest that common microbial exposures during infancy, including respiratory viruses and\n                  <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                  may positively modulate vaccine responsiveness.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.06.736529","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T21:10:31Z","timestamp":1783631431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure to\n                  <i>P. falciparum<\/i>\n                  and common cold viruses shape vaccine responses in early life"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0126-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Bach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Sigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Wohlstadter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayven","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaby","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cat","family":"Demos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Musinguzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDRC Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felistas","family":"Nankya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDRC Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Kakuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDRC Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Sbarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses R","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDRC Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6305-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasanna","family":"Jagannathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00941-2"},{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.16"},{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13067"},{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiag255"},{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116"},{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30114-2","article-title":"Interference between rhinovirus and influenza A virus: a clinical data analysis and experimental infection study","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.016"},{"key":"2026071107000727000_2026.07.06.736529v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapela, K. et al. 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