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Additionally, they received excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic synaptic input. Most A11 dopamine neurons fired action potentials spontaneously in a rhythmic \u2018pacemaker\u2019 manner at \u223c5 Hz, while the remainder were quiescent at rest, but fired readily with somatic current injection. Pacemaking A11 dopamine neurons were differentiated from quiescent neurons by a net inward current at subthreshold potentials. Activation of mu-opioid receptors reduced the net inward current at subthreshold potentials via activation of potassium current but also decreased GABAergic synaptic currents onto A11 dopamine neurons. Using cell-attached recording to preserve the natural chloride gradient, we found mu-opioid receptor agonism reduced spontaneous action potential firing of A11 dopamine neurons. The results lay the necessary framework for future studies investigating synaptic and ion channel mechanisms underlying the excitability in A11 dopamine neurons in physiological and pathological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.08.737263","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:40:25Z","timestamp":1783975225000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activation of mu-opioid receptors slows pacemaking in hypothalamic A11 dopamine neurons"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Angela F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah N.","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Sluka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1800-4400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Gantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026071606050480000_2026.07.08.737263v1.1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system","volume":"232","year":"1964","journal-title":"I. 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