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While light absorption by visual rhodopsin is well studied, its activation via retinal cofactor dynamics remains unclear. Here we use a free-electron laser to show that time-resolved X-ray solution scattering captures the retinal\n                  <jats:italic>cis\u2013trans<\/jats:italic>\n                  isomerization as it passes the conical intersection of excited and ground-state photoproduct energy surfaces. Femtosecond-scale nuclear changes occur due to resonant photon absorption, with all-atom simulations revealing ultrafast amino acid movements that initiate transmembrane helix shifts. Ligand-free opsin measurements confirm that light activation is unaffected by non-resonant processes, showing the photonic energy is directly transmitted within the protein. Our method unveils how cofactor dynamics activate rhodopsin, free of constraints from crystal lattice packing or cryotrapping photointermediates.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.10.737858","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:10:16Z","timestamp":1784214616000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrafast X-Rays Capture Retinal Traversing Conical Intersection in Rhodopsin"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo; Buffalo, New York 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchithranga M.D.C.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona; Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Salas-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester, New York 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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