{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:42:23Z","timestamp":1785404543880,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":46,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["U54MD012397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD012397"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S21MD010690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S21MD010690"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100027475","name":"Prebys Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Prebys Research Heroes Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Prebys Research Heroes Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100027475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  is the leading cause of non-viral sexually transmitted infections and it is associated with comorbidities that affect female health.\n                  <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  is one of the most predominant bacteria in the cervicovaginal microbiome. As so, both microbes are likely to encounter one another upon\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  infection. To our knowledge, the interaction of both microbes has not been previously investigated. Here, we report that\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  bind to one another at early time points of co-incubation. Using imaging flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy, we capture the dynamics of this microbe-microbe association. We observed active remodeling of the\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  cell surface leading to thin-membrane protrusions that make contact with\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Larger\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  membrane extensions that surround and engulf\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  were also visible. These\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  -\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  interactions ultimately lead to a reduction of\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  viability while\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  viability was unaffected by exposure to\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Inhibition of actin polymerization blocked\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  antibacterial activity against\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Together our findings reveal novel insight about\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  -\n                  <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                  interactions and highlight a new\n                  <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                  pathogenic effect.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.14.738301","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:39:21Z","timestamp":1784212761000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study of microbe-microbe interactions between the sexually transmitted parasite\n                  <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n                  with the cervicovaginal bacteria\n                  <i>Lactobacillus iners<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Smedshammer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 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