{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T17:44:29Z","timestamp":1785692669379,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":87,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0456r8d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coefficient Giving"},{"name":"HS Chau Foundation"},{"name":"Stanford Microbiome Therapies Initiative"},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub"},{"name":"NIH"},{"name":"NIH","award":["K99 AI180358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99 AI180358"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005237","name":"Helen Hay Whitney Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Knight-Hennessy Fellowship"},{"name":"NDSEG Fellowship"},{"name":"Hertz Foundation Fellowship"},{"name":"Gates Foundation","award":["INV-043758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-043758"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19AI181881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI181881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The skin colonist\n                  <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                  elicits a potent antibody response that can be redirected against an antigen of interest, but this process relies on genetic engineering.\n                  <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                  Here, by adapting bioorthogonal chemistry methods to conjugate antigens to the cell surface, we make the process of generating a commensal vaccine rapid and efficient. A wide variety of bacteria displaying tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) elicit an antibody response when applied to mice topically, indicating that the inductive process is not limited to colonists. Colonization occurs at two different sites, the skin and nostril; by colonizing each with\n                  <jats:italic>S. epidermidis-<\/jats:italic>\n                  TTFC, we show that skin colonization yields a moderate IgG response, while nostril colonization elicits a highly potent systemic IgG response and an exuberant IgA response in the nostrils, lungs, and intestine. Two lines of evidence are consistent with the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) as the inductive site for nostril colonization: imaging suggesting robust bacterial translocation, and the induction of commensal-specific B cells following colonization. On the skin, TTFC must be conjugated to live\n                  <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                  to elicit an antibody response; in the nostrils, live\n                  <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                  -TTFC and\n                  <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                  mixed with TTFC are equally potent. Commensal vaccination yields a robust response in pet shop mice, and chemical conjugation facilitates antibody responses to a broad array of antigens, including a whole viral capsid and a rotavirus immunogen. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence of a translational path for commensal vaccines.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.15.738787","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T13:45:19Z","timestamp":1784209519000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial mechanistic requirements for eliciting a topical and intranasal immune response"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Katherine D.","family":"Bauman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"},{"name":"ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranav V.","family":"Lalgudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"},{"name":"ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 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B.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"},{"name":"ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome Therapies Initiative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megha","family":"Lingamsetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"},{"name":"ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 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