{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:56:33Z","timestamp":1787032593321,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":37,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"NIH Common Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH R01AI160433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01AI160433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"NIH Common Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH R21AI171601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R21AI171601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"NIH Common Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI133749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI133749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015326","name":"NIH Common Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI123434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["OPP1172972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1172972"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0456r8d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Large-scale treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) monotherapy is used to control schistosomiasis, leading to concerns about the emergence of PZQ-resistance. In Western Kenya, schistosome-infected patients frequently remain egg-positive following PZQ treatment, and several \u201chotspot\u201d villages have been observed where transmission remains high, despite annual mass PZQ treatments. This project asks (i) whether PZQ-resistant parasites are found in Western Kenya and (ii) whether \u201chotspot\u201d villages can be explained by a higher prevalence of PZQ-resistant parasites. We established a simple platform for directly assaying worm motility following\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  PZQ-exposure in adult schistosomes isolated from a field setting. To do this, we established snail and hamster breeding colonies, and generated large populations of field-derived adult worms, by (i) harvesting\n                  <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                  eggs from multiple infected patients; (ii) infecting\n                  <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                  spp snails with miracidia; (iii) infecting hamsters with released cercariae; (iv) perfusing adult worms from hamsters, and (iv) examining drug response following exposure to PZQ (1 \u00b5g\/ml for 1 day) in individual\n                  <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                  worms using an automated movement assay. We measured PZQ-response in 1,800 adult male parasites, representing an estimated 185 parasite genotypes. We identified a single worm that remained motile after PZQ-exposure among the 185 parasite genotypes surveyed (frequency = 0.54%; 95% CI 0.01 - 2.97%, exact binomial) consistent with PZQ-resistant worms being extremely rare or absent. Our direct phenotypic screening results suggests that (i) PZQ-resistance is not currently an obstacle for\n                  <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                  control in Western Kenya, and (ii) that other factors explain the existence of persistent hotspots.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.21.739336","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:40:15Z","timestamp":1784731215000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct measurement of\n                  <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                  response to Praziquantel in\n                  <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                  populations from Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7809-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric M.","family":"Ndombi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centre for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Oguso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centre for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Olilah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centre for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Churchill","family":"Orao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centre for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centre for Global Health Research (KEMRI-CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winka Le","family":"Clec\u2019h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Host-Pathogen Interactions, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2611-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric D.","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Host-Pathogen Interactions, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0191-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Disease Intervention and Prevention, San Antonio, Texas, 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