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Here, a self-actuating 4D cell-strand bioprinting platform is developed to engineer complex tissue architectures through autonomous cell contractile force (CCF)-driven morphing without requiring external stimuli. The platform integrates a mechanically compliant and self-softening base hydrogel with embedded high-density cell strands printed using a fast-degrading carrier bioink. During culture, the carrier bioink rapidly degrades while the encapsulated cells proliferate and establish connected cellular networks, generating localized contraction that drives programmable shape transformation. Through spatial patterning of embedded cell strands, constructs with diverse morphologies, including V-shaped, helical, folded, and tubular architectures, are generated via controllable self-actuated morphogenesis. The platform further enables engineering of cartilage-like and bone-like tissues with well-defined curvature configurations and mechanically robust tissue matrices. In addition, programmable multi-tissue engineering is demonstrated through fabrication of a muscle\u2013tendon junction-mimicking construct containing spatially organized fibroblast and myoblast compartments. This self-actuating 4D bioprinting strategy enables highly programmable and directionally controlled morphogenesis using a simple construct design with low cell amount requirements, providing a versatile platform for engineering dynamic tissue architectures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.07.27.740975","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:45:15Z","timestamp":1785231915000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-Actuating 4D Cell-Strand Bioprinting"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aixiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA"},{"name":"Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (JBVAMC), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana F.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA"},{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana B.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o F.","family":"Mano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eben","family":"Alsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Orthopaedic Surgery, and Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA"},{"name":"Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (JBVAMC), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026073005350655000_2026.07.27.740975v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004890"},{"key":"2026073005350655000_2026.07.27.740975v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. 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