{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:19:09Z","timestamp":1790000349542,"version":"4.0.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":116,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HL168568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL168568"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Globally, hypercholesterolemia affects over 20% of the population; and while many studies have examined its impact on cardiovascular health, little is known about its effects on the lymphatic system. In mice, hypercholesterolemia has been linked to multiple aspects of lymphatic dysfunction; and a recent study demonstrated that cholesterol depletion by cyclodextrins promoted lymphatic vessel regeneration and restored lymphatic drainage in mouse models of lymphedema. Collecting lymphatic vessels rely on the spontaneous and highly entrained contractions of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) and competent unidirectional on-way valves to propel lymph forward. Critical to lymphatic pacemaking and contractility is the proper functioning of ion channels, which are known to be modulated by the cholesterol content in the plasma membrane. Therefore, we sought to understand the role cholesterol plays in regulating lymphatic contractility.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The effects of cholesterol depletion by the cyclodextrins M\u03b2CD and HP\u03b2CD were assessed in cannulated and pressurized inguinal-axillary collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) from C57BL6\/J (WT) mice. Noteworthy, studies have shown that HP\u03b2CD is safe for human use, and in fact, it is commonly used as a drug excipient. Acute treatment with both cyclodextrins significantly increased the pumping capacity of CLVs, as demonstrated by the increased contraction amplitudes by \u223c50\u00b112% and calculated fluid volume displacement by each contraction by \u223c35\u00b111%. Calcium imaging demonstrated that HP\u03b2CD increased the amplitude and duration of the large Ca\n                  <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                  1.2-mediated calcium events (termed calcium flashes. In contrast, cholesterol supplementation by incubation with BODIPY-cholesterol, which presumably incorporates cholesterol into the cell membrane, significantly impaired the contractile activity of CLVs compared to controls by decreasing contraction amplitude (control: 42\u00b12 \u00b5m versus BODIPY-cholesterol: 20\u00b17\u00b5m) and calculated fluid volume displacement (control: 9.2\u00b13.9nL versus BODIPY cholesterol: 3.3\u00b11.2nL) which were significantly restored with subsequent cholesterol depletion using HP\u03b2CD (amplitude: 36\u00b111\u00b5m, volume displacement: 5.5\u00b12.4nL). Similarly, treatment with HP\u03b2CD significantly improved the contractile capacity of dysfunctional CLVs isolated from hypercholesterolemic ApoEKO mice.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>\n                  In conclusion, changes to cell membrane cholesterol content acutely and significantly altered CLV contractility with depletion improving contractility associated with recruitment of voltage-gated Ca\n                  <jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\n                  1.2 channels in lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs). Future studies from our lab will determine whether pharmacological depletion of membrane cholesterol can be therapeutic strategy to improve and\/or restore lymphatic contractile function in secondary lymphedema, including obesity\/hypercholesterolemia-induced and cancer-related lymphedemas.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.04.742795","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:40:17Z","timestamp":1786408817000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholesterol-Mediated Modulation of Collecting Lymphatic Vessel Contractility: Exploring Cholesterol Depletion as a Therapeutic Alternative to Improve Lymphatic Function in Hypercholesterolemia"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8716-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Keane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5252-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Castorena-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01402"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1201"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01723-x"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00182"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-01054-3"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000001123"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6735a4"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010533"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.036"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.86.484"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01125-5"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.701229"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1098408"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080963"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2013.0012"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116152108"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.04.003"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.oa.16-00122"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamali P , Lin SJ . Lymphedema: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2016;137.","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002136"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1642"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.302528"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00137"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-10016-y"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(95)00073-D"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1995.268.6.H2522"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312434"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab046"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84918-9"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(00)00150-5"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctm.2017.05.001"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8622-8_19"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00065"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1352259"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.280347"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00499.2017"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56953-3"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.71.4.1008"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055285"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01229.2003"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026289"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00824.2007"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.42","unstructured":"Tsujikawa H , Song Y Fau - Watanabe M , Watanabe M Fau - Masumiya H , Masumiya H Fau - Gupte SA , Gupte Sa Fau - Ochi R , Ochi R Fau - Okada T , Okada T . Cholesterol depletion modulates basal L-type Ca2+ current and abolishes its -adrenergic enhancement in ventricular myocytes."},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides3010001"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49217-8"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2008.00801.x"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45831-7"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110426"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500081p"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031339"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17030288"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.250662"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv117"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312576"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.322100"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.03.026"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.70070"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336102100"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2019.03.016"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.104.040634"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13040666"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66440-z"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.277.5.G1017"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201812294"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90679"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285459"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202313358"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.016642"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.162438"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011557"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1413.009"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00499.2017"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8712-2_15"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01040.2008"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jp284752"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101424"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2011.09.023"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.823266"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gox.0000000000000398"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene AK . Diagnosis and Management of Obesity-Induced Lymphedema. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2016;138.","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002258"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.29.17250"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90679"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2014.01.031"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.169931"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6010023"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.04.004"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00493.x"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12839"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00039.2009"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.277.6.R1683"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lrb.2022.0072"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00053.2021"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.770450"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.003"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100145"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201912515"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2017.12.009"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107049"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41995-5"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2024.11.016"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500221"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12307"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00467.2015"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101113"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44321-025-00286-4"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091205"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0623"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.021"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810895106"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121239"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-025-01321-0"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28810"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181df4623"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b14-00726"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2022.10.004"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgmr.2023.100988"},{"key":"2026092106450491000_2026.08.04.742795v2.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2024.03.002"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.08.04.742795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:45:33Z","timestamp":1789998333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.08.04.742795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":116,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.08.04.742795","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}