{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T07:28:25Z","timestamp":1786778905618,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":22,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"award":["R33 AG073733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33 AG073733"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01AG087957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG087957"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nonhuman primates (NHP) are crucial models of human health and disease and offer the opportunity to bridge the gap between basic research and the clinic. Given the ethical considerations, high costs, and logistical constraints associated with NHP studies, careful planning is essential to maximize scientific rigor while minimizing animal use. Statistical power calculations, to determine optimal sample size, require knowing the expected number of animals at each timepoint, a challenge for longitudinal studies that must account for natural deaths or disease during a study. Here, we leveraged data from a recent study detailing NHP life- and healthspans to develop a web-based NHP study design tool, available at midas.wakehealth.edu. For 11 NHP species relevant to biomedical research, users can provide study details to generate estimates of sample counts based on natural healthspan trajectories. We envision this tool being used by colony managers and investigators for both study design and monitoring colony health over the course of a study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.06.743285","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:20:12Z","timestamp":1786544412000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Non-Human Primate Sample Size Calculator: a design tool for longitudinal research projects"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah C.","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hillary F.","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2033-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Quillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8836-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 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Nonhuman Primate Evaluation and Analysis Part 1: Analysis of Future Demand and Supply | Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) \u2013 DPCPSI \u2013 NIH. 2018. Accessed August 9, 2023. https:\/\/orip.nih.gov\/nonhuman-primate-evaluation-and-analysis-part-1-analysis-future-demand-and-supply"},{"key":"2026081500101630000_2026.08.06.743285v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosmer, Jr. DW , Lemeshow S , May S. Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time-to-Event Data. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470258019"},{"key":"2026081500101630000_2026.08.06.743285v1.17","unstructured":"Hadley EC , Nguyen CV , Gerald MS , Mattison JA , Moro M , Simmons JM , Alberts SC , Austad SN , Babbitt CC , Barton RA , Baudisch A , Cohen AA , de Magalh\u00e3es JP , Thompson ME , Ferrucci L , Finch CE , Franchini LF , Girke T , Gladyshev VN , Goyal M , Hild S , Lammey ML , Melin AD , Miller RA , Morrison JH , Pontzer H , Rogers J. Research on Determinants of Species Differences in Human and Nonhuman Primate Life Spans and Health Spans. Published online 2021. https:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-02\/report_determinants_of_species_differences.pdf"},{"key":"2026081500101630000_2026.08.06.743285v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00984-2"},{"key":"2026081500101630000_2026.08.06.743285v1.19","unstructured":"Weigl R. Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe; 2005. 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