{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T10:37:28Z","timestamp":1786617448461,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":20,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome EPSRC Centre for Medical Engineering","award":["EP\/W524360\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W524360\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032827","name":"Advanced Research and Invention Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SCNI-PR01-P08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCNI-PR01-P08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS133229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS133229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                  <jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Computational models of temporal interference stimulation (TIS) commonly report a single electric-field estimate for a given anatomy and electrode montage. Because non-deterministic tetrahedral mesh generation does not produce a unique discretisation of a fixed tissue-label image, a single mesh realisation may introduce numerical variability. We quantified variation across independent mesh realisations and contrasted it with repeated downstream simulation execution on a single selected mesh. Ten head models were evaluated for stimulation of the left hippocampus and right primary motor cortex (M1). For every model and target, we generated 40 independent meshes and performed one complete simulation on each. Separately, we selected the mesh whose parcel-level field estimate was closest to the median and repeated downstream operations 40 times while holding that geometry fixed, yielding 1,600 TIS simulations in total. The primary outcome was the spatial median of the TIS envelope field within a spherical target region. Across independently remeshed runs, within-participant coefficients of variation were 1.81\u20133.65% for the hippocampus and 1.62\u20132.79% for M1. Repeated execution on a fixed mesh reduced run-to-run standard deviation by more than 99%, demonstrating that workflow variability is driven almost entirely by non-deterministic mesh generation rather than solver instability, numerical rounding, or post-processing. Single-run mesh realisations preserved overall cohort ordering (median Kendall\u2019s\n                  <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n                  of 0.867 for the hippocampus and 0.911 for M1) but frequently inverted the rank order of participant pairs with similar predicted fields. Furthermore, a bootstrap analysis demonstrated that averaging five to ten independent remesh runs effectively suppressed this stochastic noise. These results quantify single-workflow repeatability rather than absolute error. Stochastic mesh variation should therefore be controlled or mitigated through multi-run averaging whenever experimental conclusions depend on subtle field differences or fixed neuromodulation thresholds.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.08.743658","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:10:12Z","timestamp":1786374612000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Independent Mesh Realizations Introduce Percent-Level Variability in Temporal Interference Simulations"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Boyan","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5124-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Arvaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9860-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumientra","family":"Rampersad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026081303150910000_2026.08.08.743658v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.024"},{"key":"2026081303150910000_2026.08.08.743658v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01456-8"},{"key":"2026081303150910000_2026.08.08.743658v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01457-7"},{"key":"2026081303150910000_2026.08.08.743658v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. 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Madsen , and A. Thielscher . Accurate and robust whole-head segmentation from magnetic resonance images for individualized head modeling. NeuroImage, 219:117044, 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117044"},{"key":"2026081303150910000_2026.08.08.743658v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Huang , Christopher W Thomas , Abhishek Datta , and Marom Bikson . Roast: an open-source, fully-automated t2-guided pipeline for realistic head-model-based electric field modeling. Journal of Neural Engineering, 16(5):056006, 2019.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab208d"},{"key":"2026081303150910000_2026.08.08.743658v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jill von Conta , Florian H Kasten , Branislava Curcic-Blake , Andre Aleman , Axel Thielscher , and Christoph S Herrmann . Interindividual variability of electric fields during transcranial temporal interference stimulation (ttis). 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