{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:29:42Z","timestamp":1786732182896,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":62,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1DP2GM146250-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DP2GM146250-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial diadenylate cyclase (DAC) enzymes synthesize the nucleotide signal 3\u20323\u2032 cyclic di-AMP (3\u20323\u2032-c-di-AMP) to control osmoregulation, cell-wall homeostasis, and DNA-damage responses. Here we discover specialized roles for DAC enzymes in bacterial immunity and define a Panoptes-like system we name Panoptoo as a DAC-containing anti-phage defense that guards against viral immune evasion. The Panoptoo protein PanS is a minimal DAC that constitutively synthesizes 3\u20323\u2032 cyclic UMP-AMP (3\u20323\u2032-cUA) or 3\u20323\u2032-c-di-AMP to negatively regulate a partnering PanE S2TM\u03b2 membrane-targeting effector. We show that Panoptoo decoy signaling acts as a counter-defense to detect phage immune evasion proteins that inhibit nucleotide immune signals. A 1.5 \u00c5 crystal structure of PanS in complex with 3\u20323\u2032-cUA explains how a symmetry break in the canonical DAC active site enables synthesis of asymmetric signaling molecules. Together, our results uncover a role for DAC domains in bacterial anti-phage defense and expand our understanding of nucleotide signaling in antiviral immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.10.743927","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:15:22Z","timestamp":1786511722000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial diadenylate cyclase domains synthesize diverse nucleotide signals in anti-phage defense"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2580-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelyn E.","family":"Ragucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle J.","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4943-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Kranzusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026081410401074000_2026.08.10.743927v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10756-5"},{"key":"2026081410401074000_2026.08.10.743927v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-100120-010228","article-title":"Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling in Phage Defense and Counter-Defense","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. 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