{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:29:48Z","timestamp":1787045388861,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":56,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["IRP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRP"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Early-life microbiota represent an indispensable factor for the proper development and function of host metabolism and the immune system. We have demonstrated that neonatal exposure to antibiotics for the first 3 weeks (NeoATB) leads to obesity in adulthood, characterized by gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysregulated immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that feeding D-mannose suppresses NeoATB-induced obesity, accompanied by improved glucose tolerance and decreased insulin resistance. Mechanistically, D-mannose feeding decreased hypoxia and increased oxygenation and recovery of metabolic activity of adipocytes. D-mannose restored CD4\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  Foxp3\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  ST2\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  Tregs, leading to a reduction of Th1 pro-inflammatory cells in the adipose tissue of NeoATB mice. Significantly, we revealed that D-mannose treatment reversed the dysregulated ratios of phylum\n                  <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                  to phylum\n                  <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                  in obese NeoATB mice, which was surprisingly attributed to D-mannose-mediated suppression of the growth of\n                  <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                  rather than an increase in the growth of\n                  <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes.<\/jats:italic>\n                  These findings should have therapeutic implications for the treatment of obesity in human patients.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.10.743951","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:30:25Z","timestamp":1786739425000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["D-Mannose treats obesity by increasing adipose Treg cells and suppressing gut\n        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