{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:37:55Z","timestamp":1786977475650,"version":"build-2736575974"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":120,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["UL1TR001878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001878"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  People often must decide how long to continue waiting for rewards that will arrive at an uncertain time in the future. We propose that these persistence decisions involve weighing the benefits of continued waiting against opportunity costs of waiting, a balance that may shift over time. This framework suggests that persistence decisions share neural mechanisms with foraging decisions, which require ongoing comparisons between a current resource and possible alternatives. Dopamine and serotonin have been proposed to play opposing roles in foraging, with dopamine promoting exploration and serotonin promoting exploitation. Here we investigated their roles in persistence. In a within-subjects, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in young adults (\n                  <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                  = 42), we examined the effects of increasing dopamine with L-dopa and increasing serotonin with escitalopram. We predicted that L-dopa would decrease persistence and escitalopram would increase it. Participants also completed patch-foraging, time perception, risk tolerance, and temporal discounting tasks to explore potential mechanisms of drug effects on persistence. Escitalopram increased persistence, after adjusting for the effects of anxiety and condition order, such that participants waited longer for rewards after taking the serotonergic drug. L-dopa did not influence persistence. In exploratory analyses controlling for age, however, L-dopa reduced persistence and increased exploration in foraging.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.11.744183","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T03:10:15Z","timestamp":1786677015000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of dopamine and serotonin on persistence for delayed rewards in humans"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina M.","family":"Lempert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Zaneski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4622-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjun","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph W.","family":"Kable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2658056","article-title":"Delay of gratification in children","volume":"244","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0012-1649.26.6.978"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619861720","article-title":"Re-Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Direct Comparison of Studies by Shoda, Mischel, and Peake (1990) and Watts, Duncan, and Quan (2018)","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14083"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0029815"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.247"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031910"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0701_1"},{"key":"2026081706300754000_2026.08.11.744183v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RF, B., E, B., M, M. & DM, T. 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