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Recent co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants XFG and BA.3.2 has revealed a striking enrichment in BA.3.2 cases among children. By combining epidemiological modeling, serology and monoclonal antibody analysis in children and adults, we show the dependence of effective variant-specific antibodies on vaccination history which may explain birth-year influence on differential susceptibility to these co-circulating variants. Ancestral cross-reactive site I antibodies frequently neutralize BA.3.2, but not XFG. By contrast, Omicron type-specific site I\/III and III antibodies frequently neutralize XFG but not BA.3.2, revealing a tradeoff in the ability to neutralize these two co-circulating strains. These findings mechanistically link immune history, variant neutralization, antibody repertoire and variant infection risk, and suggest that vaccination regimens in children should prioritize neutralization breadth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.12.739589","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:50:39Z","timestamp":1786683039000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vaccine imprinting drives increased SARS-CoV-2 variant infection in children"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9246-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy S.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 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