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This atlas identified &gt;2,000 active microproteins that modulate host pathways through diverse mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, hijacking of key regulators, and altering subcellular localization. We further show the oncogenic potential of BNLF2b, an uncharacterized Epstein-Barr virus microprotein linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Three principles emerge: viral microproteins are diverse and often multifunctional, show widespread convergence toward shared functions, and serve as reservoirs of evolutionary innovation. These findings elucidate how viral microproteins occupy a large functional landscape, establish them as versatile tools for host manipulation, and provide a framework for functional annotation of uncharacterized proteins, contributing toward predictive systems virology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.23.746553","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:15:18Z","timestamp":1787613318000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The diverse functions of viral microproteins"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8864-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi Hua","family":"Chen-Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"},{"name":"Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9460-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Grauvogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry; 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