{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:19Z","timestamp":1792790359486,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":110,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["R35NS116858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35NS116858"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["T32NS086750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32NS086750"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The extent to which conserved neural circuit architectures depend on shared molecular specification programs remains unclear. Here, we address this question by examining the somatosensory system of the little skate,\n                  <jats:italic>Leucoraja erinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                  , an early-diverging vertebrate that retains ancestral features of both finned and limb-based body plans. We show that core features of somatosensory circuit organization, including laminar organization of the spinal cord and dorsally restricted targeting of sensory afferents, are deeply conserved. Unexpectedly, the molecular programs specifying dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory subtypes diverge extensively from those of mammals. Although DRG neuron subtype specification and spinal connectivity rely on target-derived cues, skates employ distinct neurotrophin receptor and transcription factor identity codes. These findings support a model in which conserved spinal circuit architectures provide a stable scaffold that leverages flexible sensory neuron specification programs, enabling the evolutionary diversification of vertebrate somatosensory systems.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.08.25.747052","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:35:17Z","timestamp":1787967317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ancient Somatosensory Circuit Architectures Employ Flexible Molecular Strategies"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Hyemin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Frazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Singer-Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanshin D.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugapriya","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Alu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heebal","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Loomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Research Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York NY."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane A.","family":"Liddelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myungin","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Dasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2242"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.01.003"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg7285"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3881"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1900-1"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.17.533207"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36014-0"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17929-4"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.7ns.2023.05.005"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.09.004"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034303"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.051"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.92"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2024.01.015"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.182154"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.854422"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.011"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050421"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.07.007"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584221074350"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80899-5"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00261-7"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2021.12.016"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000339870"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.160"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.13922"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.680345"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21401"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0160-9"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.30","first-page":"672","article-title":"The Development of Elasmobranch Fishes","volume":"10","year":"1876","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.1.97"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903340108"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-009-0482-z"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.34","first-page":"135","article-title":"Primary afferent receptive field properties and neurotransmitter candidates in a vertebrate lacking unmyelinated fibers","volume":"176","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12010"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2349"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902970204"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902130406"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.028"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.013"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78345"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2019"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2209"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00011-X"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90027-2"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.12.028"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf370"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01685-z"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.14.549051"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10812"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0141-1"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adx5781"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1221"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00689-X"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112392109"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.07.020"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02406.x"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10249"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000319009"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64903"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56374"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00866"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81770-5"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00863-2"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.10.042"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22799"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00356.1998"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400070103"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.03.008"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.025"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.019"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.20.614050"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2057"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.010"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.04.011"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0928-13.2013"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.04.027"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2025.103061"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02196"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.01.008"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1283"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006884"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2009.12.003"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2710"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89287"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22073"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5883-10.2011"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.13.1717"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.09.008"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.064"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21173-9"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34589-8"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419045111"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4162"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80859-4"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.01.015"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.08.009"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.01.018"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.011"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.027"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.003"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.165753"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt656"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2 : Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Use R!,. 2nd ed. Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05868-1"},{"key":"2026092811451364000_2026.08.25.747052v2.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.08.25.747052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:45:19Z","timestamp":1790621119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.08.25.747052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":110,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.08.25.747052","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}